One of the biggest problems open source projects face today is the bus factor problem.
I've been thinking a lot about this lately as how it applies to my PostGIS, pgRouting, and OSGeo System Administration (SAC) teams.
Continue reading "The bus factor problem"by Regina Obe (nospam@example.com) at December 15, 2024 03:11 AM
PostGIS Day yearly conference sponsored by Crunchy Data is my favorite conference of the year because it's the only conference I get to pig out on PostGIS content and meet fellow passionate PostGIS users pushing the envelop of what is possible with PostGIS and by extension PostgreSQL. Sure FOSS4G conferences do have a lot of PostGIS content, but that content is never quite so front and center as it is on PostGIS day conferences. The fact it's virtual means I can attend in pajamas and robe and that the videos come out fairly quickly and is always recorded. In fact the PostGIS Day 2024 videos are available now in case you wanted to see what all the fuss is about.
Continue reading "PostGIS Day 2024 Summary"by Regina Obe (nospam@example.com) at December 01, 2024 10:59 PM
In late November, on the day after GIS Day, we hosted the annual PostGIS day online event. 22 speakers from around the world, in an agenda that ran from mid-afternoon in Europe to mid-afternoon on the Pacific coast.
We had an amazing collection of speakers, exploring all aspects of PostGIS, from highly technical specifics, to big picture culture and history. A full playlist of PostGIS Day 2024 is available on the Crunchy Data YouTube channel. Here’s a highlight reel of the talks and themes throughout the day.
My contribution to the day is a historical look back at the history of databases and spatial databases. The roots of PostGIS are the roots of PostgreSQL, and the roots of PostgreSQL in turn go back to the dawn of databases. The history of software involves a lot of coincidences, and turns on particular characters sometimes, but it’s never (too) dull!
Joshua Carlson delivered one of the stand-out talks of the day, exploring how he built a very old-style cartographic product–a street with a grid-based index to find street names–using a very new-style approach–spatial SQL to generate the grid and find the grid numbers for each street to fill in the index. Put Making a Dynamic Street Map Index with ST_SquareGrid at the top of your video play list.
For the past ten years, Brian Timoney has been warning geospatial practitioners about the complexity of the systems they are delivering to end users. In Simplify, simplify, simplify, Timoney both walks the walk and talks the talk, delivering denunciations of GIS dashboard mania, while building out a minimalist mapping solution using just PostGIS, SVG and (yes!) Excel. It turns out that SVG is an excellent medium for delivering cartographic products, and you can generate them entirely in PostgreSQL/PostGIS.
And then, for example, work with them directly in MS Word! (This is, as Brian says, what customers are looking for, not a dashboard.)
Steve Pousty brought the mandatory AI-centric talk, but avoided the hype and stuck to the practicalities of the new era: what do the terms mean, what are the models for, what tools are there in PostgreSQL to make use of them, and in particular what makes sense for spatial practitioners.
Our own Rekha Khandhadia showed off the power of our latest product, Crunchy Data Warehouse, when combined with the massive map data available from Overture, and the analytical tools of PostGIS.
In Geospatial Analytics with GeoParquet, using only SQL, she addressed the 300GB of Overture data, and ran a spatial analysis on the fly over the state of Michigan.
GeoParquet is the new kid on the block, with lots of folks in the researching phase.
Brian Loomis of Nikola Motor shared how he is using PostGIS/PostgreSQL to quantify how much time their trucks are spending in various impacted communities, for reporting to the California Air Resources Board (CARB). Loomis also shares his use case for Crunchy Data Warehouse. In working with 4 billion points a day, they're using s3 to store partitioned data in Parquet. Loomis has some useful notes on Parquet file sizes and structure optimization if you're new to that topic.
PostGIS doesn’t exist in a vacuum, it’s part of a larger open ecosystem of data and other software and organizations trying to solve problems. Bonny McClain returned to PostGIS day with an update on her work on urban climate issues and using SQL as an engine for public policy analysis.
At Overture Maps, a collaboration of industry members is synthesizing a public world base map from multiple sources, and Dana Bauer and Jake Wasserman got us Started With Overture Maps, how PostGIS can make use of the data and what is being built. At the other end of the spectrum, Felt is building end-user facing tools for spatial collaboration, and Michal Migurski walked us through a demo of pulling climate data from a PostGIS service, visualizing and story telling with the data.
Meanwhile, in the daily grind of GIS operations, Kurt Menke is seeing a wave of open source adoption in Danish municipalities, as QGIS and PostGIS take over and old MapInfo installations are phased out. The pattern of adoption across the nation is very interesting and Kurt provides lots of maps.
This poll from the webinar shows a lot of QGIS use in our PostGIS Day audience! Not surprising, really, QGIS is the easiest desktop GIS to integrate with PostGIS.
Finally, we got to hear from Pekka Sarkola on How to Connect PostGIS to ArcGIS and the answer is “it depends”. There’s a lot of complexity in the Esri environment, lots of products, and lots of history, so the precise way you want to connect will depend on your needs. But you can do it, just remember to read the docs carefully.
Regina with a pure SQL exploration of PostGIS-related extensions, shared PostGIS Surprise, the Sequel;
Using PostGIS often means accessing and using from another language, and Tom Payne provided a great deep dive into using PostGIS from within the Go language. Tom’s work on 3D geospatial is built into flight devices to warn aviators of hazards in the Swiss alps. Also in the world of 3D, Loïc Bartoletti explained SFCGAL and PostGIS, bringing new algorithms into PostGIS – in particular algorithms working with volumetric types and 3D data.
Finally, Maxime Schoemans introduced us to the power of Multi-entry Generalized Search Trees – imagine the current PostGIS spatial indexes, but with each spatial object potentially represented with multiple index keys. The potential for performance improvements, as Maxime demonstrated, is very high, particularly for data involving large and complex shapes.
All these speakers crossed the threshold of true nitty – they talked about C and core code bindings!
Route finding and fleet management continue to be ever-green topics in the world of geospatial, as the world keeps spinning faster on more and more wheels. While it is tempting to reach for pgRouting to solve any routing problem, both Ibrahim Saricicek and Dennis Boachie Boateng counseled making sure your routing solutions matches your routing problem.
Everyone has a favourite cost for routing, and this poll shows the PostGIS day audience pretty divided on the right one.
Ibrahim provided a good comparison of different open source routing options, in a Survey of pgRouting and Other Open Source Routing Tools.
And Dennis went all-in on the bespoke routing path, describing the core principles of routing, and demonstrating his own Custom Routing Solutions with PostGIS, in particular a live example of his own mobile way-finding application.
Web APIs to PostGIS are always a rich topic, because there’s a lot of them, and everyone has a favorite specification or implementation language. Michael Keller shared his incredibly well fleshed out FastCollection API, a Python state-of-the-art implementation of the Open Geospatial Consortium standards, with a few extra API end points for easier web application building. We are looking forward to seeing Michael in future years, as he builds out a complete example application on top of this API.
Elizabeth Christensen showed off our favourite API tools, the lightweight services we use for building Web maps from PostGIS – pg_featureserv and pg_tileserv. Simplicity of deployment and interface are what distinguish these Go language services, just download and run, no dependencies, no fuss.
Martin Davis also showed off our microservices, but in the context of the Uber global hexagonal grid system. He built a live dashboard specifically to show Summarizing Data in H3 with PostGIS and pg_tileserv. All the summary maps were generated on-the-fly, which is particularly impressive given the data on the backend.
Two approaches to managing data with shared boundaries were demonstrated at PostGIS day this year. The “traditional” approach was explained by Felipe Matas in Simplify Space Relations like Country/State Divisions with Postgis Topology. PostGIS comes with a built-in topology model, but understanding the moving parts can be hard, and Felipe provided a great talk with (importantly) a lot of pictures about how a topological model represents something like administrative boundaries.
Yao Cui from the British Columbia Geological Survey showed off the data model he developed 20 years ago to handle the difficult problem of keeping geological data clean while still supporting a robust data update cycle. Cui’s approach uses PostGIS to Facilitate Polygonal Map Integration Without Edge Matching. He keeps the topology implicit, and just manages the boundaries between areas, with a little careful work in identifying the boundaries of edit areas to allow long term data checkout, and clean data check-in.
It was an honor to once again host PostGIS day, and we are in debt to all the great speakers who gave their time to participate. Thanks to everyone who participated in the chat and Q&A sessions, it was a lively experience, all 11 hours of it!
by Paul Ramsey (Paul.Ramsey@crunchydata.com) at November 27, 2024 04:30 PM
The OpenStreetMap (OSM) database builds almost 750GB of location data from a single file download. OSM notoriously takes a full day to run. A fresh open street map load involves both a massive write process and large index builds. It is a great performance stress-test bulk load for any Postgres system. I use it to stress the latest PostgreSQL versions and state-of-the-art hardware. The stress test validates new tuning tricks and identifies performance regressions.
Two years ago, I presented (video / slides) at PostGIS Day on challenges of this workload. In honor of this week’s PostGIS Day 2024, I’ve run the same benchmark on Postgres 17 and the very latest hardware. The findings:
First, we are using bare metal hardware—a server with 128GB RAM—so so let’s tune Postgres for loading and to match that server:
max_wal_size = 256GB
shared_buffers = 48GB
effective_cache_size = 64GB
maintenance_work_mem = 20GB
work_mem = 1GB
Second, let’s prioritize bulk load. The following settings do not make sense for a live system under read/write load, but they will improve performance for this bulk load scenario:
checkpoint_timeout = 60min
synchronous_commit = off
# if you don't have replication:
wal_level = minimal
max_wal_senders = 0
# if you believe my testing these make things
# faster too
fsync = off
autovacuum = off
full_page_writes = off
It’s also possible to tweak the background writer for the particular case of massive data ingestion, but for bulk loads without concurrency it doesn’t make a large difference.
In 2022, testing that year's new AMD AM5 hardware loaded the data in just under 8 hours with Postgres 14. Today the amount of data in the OSM Planet files has grown another 14%. Testing with Postgres 17 still halves the load time, with the biggest drops coming from software improvements in the PG14-16 time-frame.
The benchmark orchestration and metrics framework here is my pgbench-tools. Full hardware details are published to GeekBench.
The biggest PostgreSQL speed gains are from improvements in the GIST index building code.
The new code pre-sorts index pages before merging them, and for large GIST index builds the performance speed-up can be substantial, as reported by the author of osm2pgsql.
My tests showed going from PostgreSQL 14 to 15 delivered:
There have been further improvements in PostgreSQL 16 and 17 in B-Tree index building, but this osm2pgsql benchmark does not really show them. The GIST index time build times wash out the other index builds.
In Q3 2022, osm2pgsql 1.7 made a technique called the Middle Way Node Index ID Shift the new default.
Middle Way Node Index ID Shift is a clever design approach that compresses the database's largest index, trading off lookup and update performance for a smaller footprint. It uses a Partial Index to merge nearby values together into less fine grained sections. When an index is used frequently, this would waste too many CPU cycles. Similar to hash bucket collision, partial indexes have to constantly exclude non-matched items. That chews through extra CPU on every read. In addition, because individual blocks hold so many more values, the locking footprint for updates increases proportionately. However, for large but infrequently used indexes like this one, those are satisfactory trade-offs.
Applying that improvement dropped my loading times by 37% and plummeted the database size from 1000GB to under 650GB. Total time at the terabyte size had crept upward to near 10 hours. The speed-up drove it back below 6 hours.
The osm2pgsql manual shows the details in its Update for Expert Users. I highly recommend that section and its Improving the middle blog entry. It's a great study of how PG's skinnable indexing system lets applications optimize for their exact workload.
During data import, the osm2pgsql workload writes heavily at medium queue depths for hours. The best results come from SSDs with oversized SLC caches that also balance cleanup compaction of that cache. The later CREATE TABLE AS (CTAS) sections of the build reach its peak read/write speeds.
I saw 11GB/s from a Crucial T705 PCIe 5.0 drive the week (foreshadowing!) I was running that with an Intel i9-14900K:
osm2pgsql has a tuning parameter named --number-processes that guides how many parallel operations the code tries to spawn.
For the server and memory I used in this benchmark, increasing--number-processesfrom my earlier 2 to 5 worked well. However, be careful: you can easily go too far! Bumping up this parameter increases memory usage too. Going wild on the concurrent work will run you out of memory and put you into the hands of the Linux Out of Memory (OOM) killer.
Obviously, every year processors get a little better, but they do so in different ways and at different rates.
For later 2023 and testing against PostgreSQL 15 and 16, an Intel i7-13600K overtook the earlier AMD R5 7700X. There was another small bump in 2024 upgrading to an i9-14900K.
But this is a demanding regression test workload, and it only took a few weeks of running the OSM workload to trigger the i9-14900K’s voltage bugs to the point where my damaged CPU could not even finish the test.
Thankfully I was able to step away from those issues when AMD's 9600X launched. Here's the latest results from PG17 on an AMD 9600X, with the same SK41 2TB drive as I tested in 2022 for my PostGIS Day talk.
2024-10-15 10:03:41 [00] Reading input files done in 7851s (2h 10m 51s).
2024-10-15 10:03:41 [00] Processed 9335778934 nodes in 490s (8m 10s) - 19053k/s
2024-10-15 10:03:41 [00] Processed 1044011263 ways in 4301s (1h 11m 41s) - 243k/s
2024-10-15 10:03:41 [00] Processed 12435485 relations in 3060s (51m 0s) - 4k/s
2024-10-15 10:03:41 [00] Overall memory usage: peak=158292MByte current=157746MByte...
2024-10-15 11:32:13 [00] osm2pgsql took 13162s (3h 39m 22s) overall. f
Completed in less than 4 hours!
PostgreSQL 17 is about 3% better on this benchmark than PostgreSQL 16 when replication is used, thanks to improvements in the WAL infrastructure in PostgreSQL 17.
I look forward to following up on this benchmark in more detail, after my scorched Intel system is fully running again! Like the speed of the Postgres ecosystem, the pile of hardware I've benchmarked to death grows every year.
by Greg Smith (Greg.Smith@crunchydata.com) at November 19, 2024 02:30 PM
The PostGIS Team is pleased to release PostGIS 3.5.0! Best Served with PostgreSQL 17 RC1 and GEOS 3.13.0.
This version requires PostgreSQL 12 - 17, GEOS 3.8 or higher, and Proj 6.1+. To take advantage of all features, GEOS 3.12+ is needed. SFCGAL 1.4+ is needed to enable postgis_sfcgal support. To take advantage of all SFCGAL features, SFCGAL 1.5 is needed.
Cheat Sheets:
This release is a feature release that includes bug fixes since PostGIS 3.4.3, new features, and a few breaking changes.
The Overture Maps collection of data is enormous, encompassing over 300 million transportation segments, 2.3 billion building footprints, 53 million points of interest, and a rich collection of cartographic features as well. It is a consistent global data set, but it is intimidatingly large -- what can a person do with such a thing?
Building cartographic products is the obvious thing, but what about the less obvious. With an analytical engine like PostgreSQL and Crunchy Bridge for Analytics, what is possible? Well turns out, a lot of things.
Crunchy Data recently joined the Overture Maps Foundation as a continuation of support for open spatial data management and mapping. We are excited about building on what is possible bringing the power of Postgres to Overture open map data.
Back to thinking about what can Overture and Postgres/PostGIS do together. How about vehicle routing?
Not global routing, but something more tractable, and perhaps more useful (how many people have global routing problems?) such as local routing. In this walk-through we will:
For this example, we will be using the new Geospatial features of Crunchy Bridge for Analytics.
When creating a new cluster, click the drop-down option and select an "Analytics Cluster".
Log in to your cluster as postgres and enable the spatial analytics extension:
SET pgaudit.log TO 'none';
-- create the spatial analytics extension and postgis:
CREATE EXTENSION crunchy_spatial_analytics CASCADE;
-- to re-enable audit logging in the current session
RESET pgaudit.log;
Then enable the pgrouting extension.
CREATE EXTENSION pgrouting;
The database is ready to go!
One of the things that makes the Overture data sets so enticing is the way they are hosted: in GeoParquet format on S3 and Azure object storage.
This alone would not be a big deal, but since spring 2024 the Overture data is spatially sorted. That means it is possible for a client with GeoParquet support to pull out a spatial subset of the data without having to scan the whole collection. We can get the 20 thousand features we want, without having to read through the whole 300 million feature collection.
The trickiest part of the data access is figuring out the URL to pull the Overture data from. The data are released approximately monthly, and each theme consists of multiple parquet files. For our purposes though, we can use the * character in the URL and the analytics code treats the collection of files as a single data set.
CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ov_segments ()
SERVER crunchy_lake_analytics
OPTIONS (path 's3://overturemaps-us-west-2/release/2024-08-20.0/theme=transportation/type=segment/*.parquet');
This SQL does not initiate a download, it creates a "foreign table", similar to a view, but in which the data is not stored locally on the database server. In this case, of course, the data resides on S3, and nothing has been downloaded yet.
So, we do not want to run SELECT * FROM ov_segments, for example, because that would download the entire contents of the collection. Instead, we should subset the download, and because the data are spatially sorted, we can do it efficiently with a spatial filter.
-- Use the same table definition as the FDW table
CREATE TABLE ov_segments_local ()
INHERITS (ov_segments);
-- Query only those features that are within our area of interest
INSERT INTO ov_segments_local
SELECT ov_segments.*
FROM
ov_segments,
(VALUES ('LINESTRING(-123.455 48.391,-123.283 48.522)'::geometry)) AS t(q)
WHERE (bbox).xmin >= ST_XMin(q)
AND (bbox).xmax <= ST_XMax(q)
AND (bbox).ymin >= ST_YMin(q)
AND (bbox).ymax <= ST_YMax(q);
Despite addressing a data collection with 300 million records, the query returns 20 thousand records in a few seconds.
We have transportation segments! Are we ready to start routing? Not yet.
We have several data structuring tasks to get the data ready for vehicle routing:
The starting point for data structuring is the Overture segment feature, and it is a complex one!
-- Get a pretty JSON view of the data structure
SELECT row_to_json(ov_segments_local, true)
FROM ov_segments_local
WHERE id = '08828d1aac3fffff043df239fe1d3069';
{
"id":"08828d1aac3fffff043df239fe1d3069",
"geometry":{
"type":"LineString",
"coordinates":[[-123.3617848,48.4325098], ...[-123.3626606,48.4352395]]},
"bbox":{
"xmin":-123.3627,"xmax":-123.3618,
"ymin":48.4325,"ymax":48.43525},
"version":0,
"sources":[
{"property":"routes","dataset":"OpenStreetMap","record_id":"r8747097","update_time":null,"confidence":null},{"property":"","dataset":"OpenStreetMap","record_id":"w476265027","update_time":null,"confidence":null},
{"property":"","dataset":"OpenStreetMap","record_id":"w494031748","update_time":null,"confidence":null}],
"subtype":"road",
"class":"primary",
"names":{
"primary":"BlanshardStreet",
"common":null,
"rules":[
{"variant":"common","language":null,"value":"BlanshardStreet","between":null,"side":null}]},
"connector_ids":[
"08f28d1aac38818d0429ea4e482966af",
"08f28d1aac38818d0429ea4e482246ae",
"08f28d1aac28d6680473cb2c125fcd98"],
"connectors":[
{"connector_id":"08f28d1aac38818d0429ea4e482966af","at":0},
{"connector_id":"08f28d1aac38818d0429ea4e482246ae","at":0.3},
{"connector_id":"08f28d1aac28d6680473cb2c125fcd98","at":1}],
"routes":[
{"name":"Highway17(BC)(North)","network":"CA:BC","ref":"17","symbol":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/BC-17.svg","wikidata":"Q918890","between":[0.856363,1]}],
"subclass":null,
"subclass_rules":null,
"access_restrictions":[{
"access_type":
"denied",
"when":{
"during":null,
"heading":"backward",
"using":null,
"recognized":null,
"mode":null,
"vehicle":null},
"between":null}],
"level_rules":null,
"destinations":null,
"prohibited_transitions":null,
"road_surface":[{"value":"paved","between":null}],
"road_flags":null,
"speed_limits":[{
"min_speed":null,
"max_speed":{
"value":50,
"unit":"km/h"},
"is_max_speed_variable":null,
"when":null,
"between":null}],
"width_rules":null,
"theme":"transportation",
"type":"segment"
}
Fortunately we can do all our filtering for vehicle segments by using the class attribute of segments.
There are a lot of combinations of class and subclass:
SELECT DISTINCT class, subclass
FROM ov_segments_local
ORDER BY 1,2;
class | subclass
---------------+----------------
bridleway |
cycleway | cycle_crossing
cycleway |
footway | crosswalk
footway | sidewalk
footway |
living_street |
motorway | link
motorway |
path |
pedestrian |
primary | link
primary |
residential |
secondary | link
secondary |
service | alley
service | driveway
service | parking_aisle
service |
steps |
tertiary | link
tertiary |
track |
trunk | link
trunk |
unclassified |
|
And of those many combinations, there are many segments we should exclude--paths, pedestrian, bridleways, and more!
By restricting to a few classes--motorway, primary, residential, secondary, tertiary, trunk, unclassified--results in a network that has only vehicle segments.
Many of the segments in our collection of vehicle segments have a speed limit on them, but the model is a little complicated. Because segments can be quite long it is possible (though rare) for a single segment to have multiple speeds. So the Overture model for speed limits looks like this:
"speed_limits": [{
"min_speed": null,
"max_speed": {
"value": 50,
"unit": "km/h"},
"is_max_speed_variable": null,
"when": null,
"between": null}],
For simplicity, we will use the first available speed limit in this example, and apply it to the whole segment. To be more precise, we would split the segment into one edge for each speed limit.
For many segments, there is no speed limit provided, so for those we can use defaults and provide different defaults for different classes: a default speed limit for a trunk road might be 90km/hr, and a default for a residential street might be 40km/hr.
So, converting the speed limits to cost, then looks like this:
The last step is the fun one: each segment is costed based on how long it takes to traverse it. This way a 1 kilometer segment with a speed limit of 100 km/h has half the cost of the same segment with a 50 km/h limit.
--
-- Deal with kmph/mph units, and fill in any null
-- speed information with sensible defaults based
-- on the segment class.
--
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgr_segment_kmph(speed float8, unit text, class text)
RETURNS FLOAT8 AS
$$
DECLARE
default_kmph FLOAT8 := 40;
BEGIN
-- Convert mph to kmph where necessary
IF unit = 'mph' THEN
speed := speed * 1.60934;
END IF;
IF speed IS NOT NULL THEN
RETURN speed;
END IF;
-- Apply some defaults
-- Should not be driving fast on service roads
IF class = 'service' THEN
speed := 20;
-- Or on residential roads
ELSIF class = 'residential' THEN
speed := 30;
-- Everywhere else, use the default
ELSE
speed := coalesce(speed, default_kmph);
END IF;
RETURN speed;
END;
$$ LANGUAGE 'plpgsql';
--
-- The cost to traverse a segment is the number of
-- seconds needed to traverse it, so distance over speed.
--
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgr_segment_cost(geom geometry, speed_kmph float8)
RETURNS FLOAT8 AS
$$
DECLARE
length_meters FLOAT8;
default_kmph FLOAT8 := 40;
kmph FLOAT8;
cost FLOAT8;
meters_per_second FLOAT;
BEGIN
-- Geography length is in meters
length_meters := ST_Length(geom::geography);
-- Convert km/hour into meters/second
meters_per_second := speed_kmph * 1000.0 / 3600.0;
-- Segment cost is the number of seconds
-- needed to traverse the segment
RETURN length_meters / meters_per_second;
END;
$$ LANGUAGE 'plpgsql';
One of the strangest aspects of the Overture model is the handling of one-way streets. Most models have a boolean "one way" flag, or maybe a "direction" attribute with "forward", "backward" and "both".
Overture models directionality as one in a number of possible "restrictions" on the segment, here's the relevant JSON from our example segment.
"access_restrictions":[{
"access_type":
"denied",
"when":{
"during":null,
"heading":"backward",
"using":null,
"recognized":null,
"mode":null,
"vehicle":null},
"between":null}],
So every segment has a list of restrictions, and "heading" is one of them, but also mode of transport, vehicle type, time period, and others. Because one-way is a pretty important restriction in a route planner, we cannot simply check the first restriction, we will have to actually check every restriction on a segment and only set the "one way" flag if the "heading" restricting is non-null.
The most challenging aspect of preparing the Overture segments for pgRouting is the model transformation between "segments" and "edges".
The pgRouting graph is a simple structure of vertices and edges. Vertices are points and edges are defined as joining two vertices, so any edge can be characterized by stating its "source" and "target" vertex.
In the Overture graph, on the other hand, every segment connects at least two connectors.
So "source" and "target" connector alone are not enough to characterize a segment. So Overture uses a list of connectors on the edge.
"connectors":[
{"connector_id":"08f28d1aac38818d0429ea4e482966af","at":0},
{"connector_id":"08f28d1aac38818d0429ea4e482246ae","at":0.3},
{"connector_id":"08f28d1aac28d6680473cb2c125fcd98","at":1}],
The unique identifier for each connector is given, and the at attribute provides the proportion along the edge where the connector appears. The 0 connector is at the start, the 1 connector is at the end, and the 0.3 connector is 30% of the distance between the start and the end.
So to convert from Overture "segments" to pgRouting "edges", we just need to iterate over the connectors list and apply the ST_LineSubstring function to chop the original segment into the right edges.
--
-- Create a simple table that reflects some of the
-- input we have generated (speed, directionality)
-- and mirrors some other useful info (surface,
-- primary name) for mapping purposes.
-- Most importantly, carry out the chopping of segments
-- into edges with only two graph connectors, one at
-- the start and one at the end.
--
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION ov_to_pgr(segment ov_segments)
RETURNS TABLE(
id text,
geometry geometry(LineString, 4326),
connector_source text,
connector_target text,
class text,
subclass text,
surface text,
speed_kmph real,
primary_name text,
one_way boolean
) AS
$$
DECLARE
n integer;
connector_to float8;
connector_from float8 := 0.0;
BEGIN
-- Carry over some attributes directly
id := segment.id;
class := segment.class;
subclass := segment.subclass;
primary_name := (segment.names).primary;
-- Take the first surface we see rather than
-- chopping up the segment here
surface := segment.road_surface[1].value;
speed_kmph := pgr_segment_kmph(segment.speed_limits[1].max_speed.value, segment.speed_limits[1].max_speed.unit, segment.class);
-- Most edges are two-way, but a few are one-way, flag
-- those so we can adjust the cost later
one_way := false;
IF segment.access_restrictions IS NOT NULL THEN
-- Overture uses "backward" access restrictions
-- for one-way segments, and the restriction can
-- show up anywhere in the list, so...
n := array_length(segment.access_restrictions, 1);
FOR i IN 1..n LOOP
IF segment.access_restrictions[i].access_type = 'denied' AND segment.access_restrictions[i].when.heading = 'backward' THEN
one_way := true;
EXIT;
END IF;
END LOOP;
END IF;
-- Chop segments into edges with vertexes at
-- the connectors. Each edge has two connectors
-- (one at each end) so a list of 3 connectors
-- implies outputting 2 edges.
connector_target := segment.connectors[1].connector_id;
connector_to := 0.0;
n := array_length(segment.connectors, 1);
FOR i IN 2..n LOOP
-- Avoid emitting zero-length segments
IF connector_to = segment.connectors[i].at THEN
CONTINUE;
END IF;
connector_from := connector_to;
connector_source := connector_target;
connector_to := segment.connectors[i].at;
connector_target := segment.connectors[i].connector_id;
-- This is where we chop!
geometry := ST_SetSRID(ST_LineSubstring(segment.geometry, connector_from, connector_to),4326);
-- Table-valued output means the return fills
-- in the output parameters for us magically,
-- as long as we have used the correct variable
-- names.
RETURN NEXT;
END LOOP;
END;
$$ LANGUAGE 'plpgsql';
In order to actually run routing on our final data, we are going to need a table of network vertices, so that we can figure what "source" vertex and "target" vertex correspond to a particular pair of routing points.
It would seem that the Overture connector file would provide an easy method to get those points, but unfortunately I discovered while testing this process that the file is incomplete. Not all of the connectors referenced in the segments type appear in the connectors type.
Fortunately, there is another place a complete list of connectors appears: in the connectors attribute of the segments:
"connectors":[
{"connector_id":"08f28d1aac38818d0429ea4e482966af","at":0},
{"connector_id":"08f28d1aac38818d0429ea4e482246ae","at":0.3},
{"connector_id":"08f28d1aac28d6680473cb2c125fcd98","at":1}],
Using the segment geometry, and the connectors list, it is possible to materialize (with ST_LineLocatePoint)a complete list of all connectors associated with the segments in our tables.
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS pgr_connectors;
CREATE TABLE pgr_connectors AS
WITH connectors AS (
SELECT (unnest(connectors)).*, geometry
FROM ov_segments_local
WHERE class IN ('motorway', 'primary', 'residential', 'secondary', 'tertiary', 'trunk', 'unclassified')
)
-- Unfortunately a connector will show up on every segment
-- it connects, so we need to dedupe the set, which can be costly
-- for larger areas.
SELECT DISTINCT ON (connector_id)
nextval('pgr_connector_seq') AS vertex_id,
connector_id,
ST_SetSRID(ST_LineInterpolatePoint(geometry, at),4326)::geometry(point, 4326) AS geometry
FROM connectors;
CREATE INDEX pgr_connectors_x ON pgr_connectors (connector_id);
CREATE INDEX pgr_connectors_geom_x ON pgr_connectors USING GIST (geometry);
I have outlined individual components, but thus far have not yet integrated them into a sequential process to convert raw Overture GeoParquet to pgRouting compatible tables.
Here is the complete process, roughly:
ov_segments referencing the raw Overture files online.ov_segments_local, only for our area of interest.ov_segments_local table, chopping segments into edges, and copying some attributes of interest into a pgr_segments table.ov_segments_local table, pulling out a unique list of connectors and connector geometry into a pgr_connectors table.pgr_segments table, adding integer unique keys for edge and vertex identification, creating the final pgr_edges table ready for routing.All the functions and the overall process are available in the overture.sql files.
After all the work, we are ready to route, which should be straightforward, right? We have pgRouting data ready, with low costs on the fast streets and higher costs on the slow streets.
Unfortunately there are still a few pieces of code left to write, because pgRouting provides a very low level generic graph solver and most people solving routing problems have more specific needs.
For example,
So we need to start our routing function by translating from locations to vertex identifiers.
And also,
So we need to end our routing function by joining the edge identifiers back to the edges table to create the route geometry.
To drive the pgr_dijkstra() function, we need to provide a SQL statement that generates a list of edges and source/target vertices, and for this example, we pull all 13902 edges from the pgr_edges table.
The final function looks like this:
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgr_routeline(pt0 geometry, pt1 geometry)
RETURNS TEXT AS
$$
DECLARE
vertex0 bigint;
vertex1 bigint;
edges_sql text;
result text;
BEGIN
-- Lookup the nearest vertex to our start and end geometry
SELECT vertex_id INTO vertex0 FROM pgr_connectors ORDER BY geometry <-> pt0 LIMIT 1;
SELECT vertex_id INTO vertex1 FROM pgr_connectors ORDER BY geometry <-> pt1 LIMIT 1;
RAISE DEBUG 'vertex0=% vertex1=%', vertex0, vertex1;
--
-- SQL to create a pgRouting graph
-- This is as simple as they come.
-- More complex approaches might
-- * scale cost based on class
-- * restrict edges based on box formed
-- by start/end points
-- * restrict edges based on class
--
edges_sql := 'SELECT
edge_id AS id,
source_vertex_id AS source,
target_vertex_id AS target,
cost, reverse_cost
FROM pgr_edges';
-- Run the Dijkstra shortest path and join back to edges
-- to create the path geometry
SELECT ST_AsGeoJSON(ST_Union(e.geometry))
INTO result
FROM pgr_dijkstra(edges_sql, vertex0, vertex1) pgr
JOIN pgr_edges e
ON e.edge_id = pgr.edge;
RETURN result;
END;
$$ LANGUAGE 'plpgsql';
To run the function and get back the route, feed it two points located within the area of your downloaded data.
SELECT pgr_routeline(
ST_Point(-123.37826,48.41976, 4326),
ST_Point(-123.35214,48.43891, 4326));
by Paul Ramsey (Paul.Ramsey@crunchydata.com) at September 25, 2024 01:30 PM
The PostGIS Team is pleased to release PostGIS 3.5.0rc1! Best Served with PostgreSQL 17 RC1 and GEOS 3.13.0.
This version requires PostgreSQL 12 - 17, GEOS 3.8 or higher, and Proj 6.1+. To take advantage of all features, GEOS 3.12+ is needed. SFCGAL 1.4+ is needed to enable postgis_sfcgal support. To take advantage of all SFCGAL features, SFCGAL 1.5 is needed.
This release is a release candidate of a major release, it includes bug fixes since PostGIS 3.4.3 and new features.
Changes since 3.5.0beta1 are as follows:
The PostGIS Team is pleased to release PostGIS 3.5.0beta1! Best Served with PostgreSQL 17 RC1 and GEOS 3.13.0.
This version requires PostgreSQL 12 - 17, GEOS 3.8 or higher, and Proj 6.1+. To take advantage of all features, GEOS 3.12+ is needed. SFCGAL 1.4+ is needed to enable postgis_sfcgal support. To take advantage of all SFCGAL features, SFCGAL 1.5 is needed.
This release is a beta of a major release, it includes bug fixes since PostGIS 3.4.3 and new features.
Crunchy Data is excited to announce the next major feature release for Crunchy Bridge for Analytics: Geospatial Analytics.
We have developed a variety of features to connect Postgres and PostGIS to S3 and public web servers to make spatial data access easier than ever.
This release includes:
Together, these make Crunchy Bridge for Analytics an easy-to-use and powerful platform for working with geospatial data.
PostGIS is the most popular and versatile geospatial data processing tool available, and the underlying GEOS library powers most other geospatial applications. Crunchy has a long history in PostGIS and geospatial, and we’re lucky to count geospatial legends Paul Ramsey and Martin Davis (see: PostGIS, GEOS, JTS, pg_featureserv, pg_tileserv, and more) among our colleagues.
Crunchy Bridge for Analytics enhances PostgreSQL with the ability to run fast analytical queries on data files in S3 and public web servers, with queries accelerated using DuckDB and caching on local NVMe drives. DuckDB also has a spatial extension built on top of GEOS and inspired by PostGIS.
It was natural for us to look for ways in which we can take advantage of the capabilities offered by Bridge for Analytics for geospatial use cases. We soon realized that one of the challenges of geospatial data is the wide variety of formats and data sources, and the relative difficulty of getting them into PostgreSQL.
By leveraging the capabilities built into Bridge for Analytics, we’ve managed to simplify the experience of accessing any geospatial data set via s3 or https in PostgreSQL down to a very simple create foreign table command:
-- Create a table from the overture buildings data set,
-- auto-infers columns, caches GeoParquet files in the background
create foreign table ov_buildings ()
server crunchy_lake_analytics
options (path 's3://overturemaps-us-west-2/release/2024-08-20.0/theme=buildings/type=*/*.parquet');
-- Immediately start querying the >2 billion row data set,
-- uses range requests until files get cached
select (names).primary as building, st_area(geometry, true) as surface_m2
from ov_buildings
where (names).primary is not null
and (bbox).xmin <= 7.2275
and (bbox).xmax >= 3.3583
and (bbox).ymin <= 53.6316
and (bbox).ymax >= 50.7504
order by st_area(geometry) desc limit 1;
┌─────────────────────────┬───────────────────┐
│ building │ surface_m2 │
├─────────────────────────┼───────────────────┤
│ Bloemenveiling Aalsmeer │ 449485.2894157285 │
└─────────────────────────┴───────────────────┘
(1 row)
Time: 10169.907 ms (00:10.170)
Queries on GeoParquet are significantly accelerated by DuckDB, and files will get automatically cached in the background. For instance, the ~600GB Overture data set can be fully cached on larger analytics clusters, which makes analytics tables a practical tool for building applications with Overture.
Support for geospatial formats is not limited to GeoParquet. You can directly create a table from Shapefile (in zip), GeoJSON, Geopackage, Geodatabase, KML, and many other file formats supported by the GDAL library, and you can use public URLs to get data directly from the source.
-- Load US state boundaries from a compressed TIGER/Line Shapefile
create foreign table state ()
server crunchy_lake_analytics
options (format 'gdal', path 'https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2023/STATE/tl_2023_us_state.zip');
-- Inspect auto-inferred schema
\d state
Foreign table "public.state"
┌──────────┬──────────┬───────────┬──────────┬─────────┬─────────────┐
│ Column │ Type │ Collation │ Nullable │ Default │ FDW options │
├──────────┼──────────┼───────────┼──────────┼─────────┼─────────────┤
│ region │ text │ │ │ │ │
│ division │ text │ │ │ │ │
...
│ geom │ geometry │ │ │ │ │
└──────────┴──────────┴───────────┴──────────┴─────────┴─────────────┘
Server: crunchy_lake_analytics
FDW options: (path 'https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2023/STATE/tl_2023_us_state.zip');
-- What are the biggest states?
select name, st_area(geom, true)/1000000 area_in_km2
from state
order by 2 desc limit 10;
┌────────────┬───────────────────┐
│ name │ area_in_km2 │
├────────────┼───────────────────┤
│ Alaska │ 1724364.048632004 │
│ Texas │ 695668.3746231933 │
│ California │ 423965.0992563212 │
│ Montana │ 380840.4022201886 │
│ New Mexico │ 314925.0846268172 │
│ Arizona │ 295220.1394989747 │
│ Nevada │ 286376.9475553515 │
│ Colorado │ 269604.5427509235 │
│ Oregon │ 254799.4066699504 │
│ Wyoming │ 253326.2430649384 │
└────────────┴───────────────────┘
(10 rows)
Time: 802.659 ms
Queries on GDAL data sets are currently slower than on GeoParquet, but the files will be immediately cached on disk when creating the table, so they are only downloaded once. On very rare occasions when the server is replaced, or after the file was evicted from cache, the file is automatically re-downloaded on demand.
There are several existing tools for loading data into PostGIS, though they are relatively laborious, and usually involve downloading large files to your computer and subsequently re-uploading the output. The ogr_fdw extension by Paul is probably the most versatile geospatial data access option available for PostgreSQL, though it will re-request remote data files for every query and is hence more suitable for accessing remote databases and web services with filter pushdown.
Once you’ve created an analytics table, you can start building a data transformation pipeline to get the data into the shape you want via (materialized) views.
For instance, a very simple pipeline might look like:
-- Create an analytics table for ad-hoc queries and transformations
create foreign table state ()
server crunchy_lake_analytics
options (path 'https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2023/STATE/tl_2023_us_state.zip');
-- Create a materialized view for rendering a simple bar chart with sub-millisecond query time
create materialized view states_by_size as
select stusps, name, st_area(geom, true)/1000000 area_in_km2 from state;
You can also combine multiple data sets with spatial joins and compose views:
-- National Forest System boundaries (Shapefile)
create foreign table forests ()
server crunchy_lake_analytics
options (path 'https://data.fs.usda.gov/geodata/edw/edw_resources/shp/S_USA.AdministrativeForest.zip');
-- Fire occurence points in the US (Shapefile)
create foreign table fires ()
server crunchy_lake_analytics
options (path 'https://data.fs.usda.gov/geodata/edw/edw_resources/shp/S_USA.MTBS_FIRE_OCCURRENCE_PT.zip');
-- Only consider fires in national forests in 2022
create view nfs_fires_in_2022 as
select fires.*, forests.adminfores
from forests, fires
where st_within(fires.geom, forests.geom)
and date_trunc('year', ig_date) = '2022-01-01';
-- Find the forests which had fires in 2022
create view forests_with_fires_in_2022 as
select *
from forests
where adminfores in (
select adminfores from nfs_fires_in_2022
);
Finally, we also made it very straight-forward to create a regular heap table with a PostGIS geometry column directly from a public geospatial data set by setting the load_from option in a create table command.
-- Create a regular table with an index from a Shapefile zip (note: WITH uses = syntax)
create table forests ()
with (load_from = 'https://data.fs.usda.gov/geodata/edw/edw_resources/shp/S_USA.AdministrativeForest.zip');
-- Add a spatial index
create index on forests using gist (geom);
-- You can also load data into an existing table using COPY, assuming the schemas match
copy forests from 'https://data.fs.usda.gov/geodata/edw/edw_resources/shp/S_USA.AdministrativeForest.zip';
You can see we have a lot of options here, so some general guidance:
create foreign table + create view - for ad-hoc queries and transformations on current datacreate foreign table + create materialized view + create index - for repeated selective queries on data sets that occasionally need to be refreshedcreate table with load_from + create index - loading the table data directly into PostGIS as a one-offOverall, our aim is to give you a powerful toolbox for geospatial data, while also simplifying common scenarios down to very simple operations (create foreign table, create view, start rendering).
Since Crunchy Bridge for Analytics is just PostgreSQL, you can directly create a connection to your Analytics cluster from QGIS and add your (foreign) tables and views as layers, which means you can very quickly go from geospatial data set to visualization.
For example, the 4 commands for creating the forest views from the previous section can give you a map of national forests which had fires in 2022 and where those fires occurred:
Note that QGIS by default requires that the first column of the table is unique. This is quite often the case, but when it’s not you may need to create a view to reorder the columns or add a unique value.
Under the covers, Crunchy Bridge for Analytics takes advantage of DuckDB spatial. It is an awesome DuckDB extension, though it is still in an early stage of development. We map PostGIS functions and operators to DuckDB spatial functions where possible to accelerate analytical queries, and otherwise pull geometries into PostGIS, such that any query works as expected.
By default, geometry values in analytics tables have SRID set to 0/unspecified. You can set the SRID using st_setsrid as usual to make functions such as st_distance return the right units, but that will happen in PostgreSQL and transferring the geometries from DuckDB to PostgreSQL might slow down some queries. On the other hand, you can easily transfer the data set into a regular table or materialized view with an index if needed.
For queries on (Geo)Parquet, the speedup from DuckDB can be quite significant, so it may be worth avoiding SRIDs. You can check explain verbose to see which part of the query is delegated to DuckDB.
We believe this initial geospatial analytics release helps to bridge the gap of going from raw geospatial data files into a structured/indexed PostGIS table. These new features can help bootstrap many geospatial applications.
We’re excited to share this new feature with customers and get feedback and continue to build out the next generation of spatial analytics.
Geospatial analytics is available today on Crunchy Bridge, and it only takes a few minutes to get started. See our spatial analytics documentation for additional details.
by Marco Slot (Marco.Slot@crunchydata.com) at September 09, 2024 02:00 PM
The PostGIS Team is pleased to release PostGIS 3.4.7! This is a bug fix release.
The PostGIS Team is pleased to release PostGIS 3.4.3!
This version requires PostgreSQL 12-17, GEOS 3.8+, and Proj 6.1+. To take advantage of all features, GEOS 3.12+ is needed. To take advantage of all SFCGAL features, SFCGAL 1.5+ is needed.
The PostGIS Team is pleased to release PostGIS 3.5.0alpha2! Best Served with PostgreSQL 17 Beta2 and GEOS 3.12.2.
This version requires PostgreSQL 12 - 17, GEOS 3.8 or higher, and Proj 6.1+. To take advantage of all features, GEOS 3.12+ is needed. SFCGAL 1.4-1.5 is needed to enable postgis_sfcgal support. To take advantage of all SFCGAL features, SFCGAL 1.5 is needed.
This release is an alpha of a major release, it includes bug fixes since PostGIS 3.4.2 and new features.
The PostGIS Team is pleased to release PostGIS 3.5.0alpha1! Best Served with PostgreSQL 17 Beta2 and GEOS 3.12.2.
This version requires PostgreSQL 12 - 17, GEOS 3.8 or higher, and Proj 6.1+. To take advantage of all features, GEOS 3.12+ is needed. To take advantage of all SFCGAL features, SFCGAL 1.5.0+ is needed.
This release is an alpha of a major release, it includes bug fixes since PostGIS 3.4.2 and new features.
I love taking random spatial data and turning it into maps. Any location data can be put into PostGIS in a matter of minutes. Often when I’m working with data that humans collected, like historic locations or things that have not yet traditionally been done with computational data, I’ll find traditional Degrees, Minutes, Seconds (DMS) data. To get this into PostGIS and QGIS, you’ll need to convert this data to a different system for decimal degrees. There’s probably proprietary tools that will do this for you, but we can easily write our own code to do it. Let’s walk through a quick example today.
Let’s say I found myself with a list of coordinates, that look like this:
38°58′17″N 95°14′05″W
(this is the location of my town’s haunted hotel 👻)
This format of writing geographic coordinates is called DMS, Degrees, Minutes, Seconds (DMS). If you remember from 4th grade geography lessons, that is the latitude on the left there, representing N or S of the equator and longitude East or West of the Prime Meridian.
PostGIS, and most computational spatial systems, work with a geographic system that is akin to an XY grid of the entire planet. Because it is XY, it is a longitude, latitude (X first) system.
PostGIS utilizes with two kinds of geometry values:
POINT(-126.4 45.32)0101000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03Most often you’ll see the binary used to represent stored data and you can use a function, st_astext, to view or query it as text.
To convert our traditional coordinates into decimals or WKT, we can use decimal math like this:
({long_degree}+({long_minutes}/60)+({long_seconds}/3600)
So for our location:
-- starting location
38°58′17″N 95°14′05″W
-- formula
38+(58/60)+(17/3600), 95+(14/60)+(05/3600)
-- switch the order since this is X first
-- make the Western quad negative
-- getting this result
-95.2472222, 38.9713888
If you have one location like this, you probably have a lot, so we’ll need a more sophisticated solution for our whole data set. You know if you need something done right, you ask Paul Ramsey. Paul worked with me on getting this function written that will convert DMS to PostGIS friendly (binary geometry) point data.
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION dms_to_postgis_point(dms_text TEXT)
RETURNS geometry AS
$$
DECLARE
dms TEXT[] := regexp_match(dms_text, '(\d+)\D+(\d+)\D+(\d+)\D+([NS])\D+(\d+)\D+(\d+)\D+(\d+)\D+([EW])');
lat float8;
lon float8;
BEGIN
lat := dms[1]::float8 + dms[2]::float8/60 + dms[3]::float8/3600;
lon := dms[5]::float8 + dms[6]::float8/60 + dms[7]::float8/3600;
IF upper(dms[4]) = 'S' THEN
lat := -1 * lat;
END IF;
IF upper(dms[8]) = 'W' THEN
lon := -1 * lon;
END IF;
RETURN ST_Point(lon, lat, 4326);
END;
$$
LANGUAGE 'plpgsql'
IMMUTABLE
STRICT;
Let’s do a quick test with our original point:
SELECT st_astext(dms_to_postgis_point('38°58′17″N 95°14′05″W'));
st_astext
---------------------------------------------
POINT(-95.23472222222222 38.97138888888889)
(1 row)
Great, that works.
Now we can use built-in PostGIS functions to add a new geom column and run the function on our old lat_long column.
ALTER TABLE my_table ADD COLUMN geom geometry(Point);
UPDATE my_table SET geom = dms_to_postgis_point(lat_long);
PostGIS is just packed with so many cool functions to make sure you can turn anything into maps. Hope this helps you get started if you’re using traditional lat long data.
by Elizabeth Christensen (Elizabeth.Christensen@crunchydata.com) at May 23, 2024 05:00 PM
Calculating distance is a core feature of a spatial database, and the central function in many analytical queries.
PostGIS and any other spatial database let you answer these kinds of questions in SQL, using ST_Distance(geom1, geom2) to return a distance, or ST_DWithin(geom1, geom2, radius) to return a true/false result within a tolerance.
SELECT ST_Distance(
'LINESTRING (150 300, 226 274, 320 280, 370 320, 390 370)'::geometry,
'LINESTRING (140 180, 250 230, 350 200, 390 240, 450 200)'::geometry
);
It all looks very simple, but under the covers there is a lot of machinery around getting a result fast for different kinds of inputs.
Distance should be easy! After all, we learn how to calculate distance in middle school! The Pythagorean Theorem tells us that the square of the hypotenuse of a right triangle is the sum of the squares of the two other sides.
So, problem solved, right?
Not so fast. Pythagorus gives us the distance between two points, but objects in spatial databases like PostGIS can be much more complex.
How would I calculate the distance between two complex polygons?
The straight-forward solution is to just find the distance between every possible combination of edges in the two polygons, and return the minimum of that set.
This is a "quadratic" algorithm, what computer scientists call O(n^2), because the amount of work it generates is proportional to the square of the number of inputs. As the inputs get big, the amount of work gets very very very big.
Fortunately, there are better ways.
The distance implementation in PostGIS has two major code paths:
Disjoint inputs are handled with a clever simplification of the problem space. Because the inputs are disjoint, it is possible to construct a line between the centers of the two inputs.
If every edge in each object is projected down onto the line, it becomes possible to perform a sort of those edges, such that edges that are near on the line are also near in the sorted lists, and near in space.
Starting from the mid-point of each object it is relatively inexpensive to quickly prune away large numbers of edges that are definitely not the nearest edges, leaving a much smaller number of potential targets that need to have their distance calculated.
The cost of creating the projected segments is just O(n), but the cost of the sort step is O(n*log(n)) so the overall cost of the algorithm is O(n*log(n)).
This is all well and good, but what if the inputs do overlap? Then the algorithm falls back to brute-force and O(n^2). Is there any way to avoid that?
The project-and-prune approach is very clever, but it is possible to generate a spatially searchable representation of the edges even faster, by using the fact that edges in a LineString or LinearRing are highly spatial autocorrelated:
Basically, the edges are already spatially pre-sorted. That means it is possible to build a decent tree structure from them incurring any non-linear computational cost.
Start with the edges in sorted order. The bounds of the edges form the leaf nodes of a spatial tree. Merge neighboring leaf nodes, now you have the first level of interior nodes. Continue until you have only one node left, that is your root node. The cost is O(n) + O(0.5n) + O(0.25n) ... which is to say in aggregate, O(n).
Ordinarily, building a spatial tree would be expected to cost about O(n*log(n)), so this is a nice win.
The CIRC_NODE tree used to accelerate distance calculation for the geography type is built using this process.
There is no guarantee that a tree-indexed approach will crack the overlapping polygon problem.
Disjoint polygons are very amenable to distance searching trees, because it is easy to discard whole branches of the tree that are definitionally too far away to contain candidate edges.
As inputs begin to overlap, it becomes harder to discard large portions of the trees, and as a result a lot of computation is spent traversing the tree, even if a moderate proportion of candidates can be discarded from the lower branches of the tree.
The distance calculation in PostGIS has not been touched in many years, for good reason: it's really important, so any re-write has to be definitely an improvement on the existing code, over all known (and unknown) use cases.
However, there is some already built and tested code, in the code base, which has never been turned on, the RECT_TREE.
Like the CIRC_NODE tree in geography, this implementation is based on building a tree from spatially coherent inputs. Unlike the CIRC_NODE tree, it has not been proven to be faster than the existing implementation in all cases.
A next development step will be to revive this implementation, evaluate it for implementation efficiency, and test effectiveness:
by Paul Ramsey (Paul.Ramsey@crunchydata.com) at March 19, 2024 01:00 PM
QGIS, the Quantum Geographic Information System, is an open-source graphical user interface for map making. QGIS works with a wide variety of file types and has robust support for integrating with Postgres and PostGIS. Today I just wanted to step through getting QGIS connected to a Postgres database and the basic operations that let you connect the two systems.
Connecting QGIS to Postgres is very similar to any other GUI or application, you’ll need the database host, login, and password details. This is the same process for a local connection or remote one (like Crunchy Bridge). You’ll connect the first time through the Browser option listed PostgreSQL and Add New Connection.
By default, QGIS will store your passwords as plain text in a file. If you’re just working with a local database and don’t have anything special in there, that may not be a problem. But if you’re working with a larger production database shared by lots of users, you’ll want to opt for a higher level of protection for the password. In your PostgreSQL connections box, you’ll see a way to add Configurations for the password. Here you can create a master password, store your database credentials, and they’ll be encrypted and only decrypted with your master password.
QGIS is a great way to get spatial data into Postgres and PostGIS. You can use any file type supported by QGIS including vector types like shapefiles (shp), GeoJSON, and even csv files on your local machine. To load data into QGIS, you’ll first go to Layer —> Add Layer and choose the type of file you have.
For this sample I have a county map of the state of Kansas. Maps like this are often freely available for download from government agencies.
Once my layer is in, I can toggle on to show labels which will add any label data for your geometry.
Now that I have data in QGIS I can save this to a Postgres database. This will allow me to work with this data later. Go to the DB manager icon, and choose Import Layer.
There are several settings here, like choosing the primary key, the origin and destination SRID. QGIS will even suggest that adding an index for your geometry column is a good idea and will build an index in your database for you.
QGIS works both ways, so if you already have a dataset to work from, you can just use that data as your source. In that case, you’ll start from the Layer — Add Layer option. You’ll either need to specify the database connection you want, or add a new one here. You’ll be able to open all the tables in your database and choose which ones to add as a layer in your map viewer.
There's a good overview of PostGIS file loading on our blog.
Depending on the file you get, QGIS may or may not be super happy with it. You might see a warning icon next to your file. The main issues that QGIS will be warning you about are:
There’s no spatial reference id
The spatial reference ID is an important quirk when dealing with geospatial data. You can default to 4326 if you don’t have a better option.
To find a spatial reference id, or see if it is set:
SELECT ST_SRID(geom) FROM my_table_name LIMIT 1;
And to update it:
SELECT UpdateGeometrySRID('my_table_name','geom',4326);
There’s no geometry column
Assuming you have points, lines, or polygon data and it is just in the wrong data type, you can create a new column for the geometry and point your data to that new column.
ALTER TABLE my_table_name
ADD COLUMN geom geometry(Point, 4326);
UPDATE my_table_name
SET geom = ST_SetSRID(ST_MakePoint(my_column, my_column), 4326);
There’s no primary key
Relational databases rely on a primary key to tie other data together. If there’s already an id column, you can just create a primary key index on it like this. If there’s not a unique column like that, you might have to do a bit more work on the data to get this fixed.
alter table my_table add primary key (id_column);
One really cool feature of QGIS is that you can write SQL directly against your Postgres database and view the results as spatial geometries. You can save queries for use later as well. You can also use QGIS to create a layer based on your query results.
Here’s a sample query where I’m joining two data sources, one my geometry of Kansas counties that I loaded earlier. Second population data by county. I’m selecting just the geometry column and with the load option can have QGIS add that query result as a layer.
QGIS will also let you save a query as “view”. This is a database specific term that will save your query results as a table for use later. This can also be loaded as a layer in QGIS projects. There’s an overview of using views in the post Postgres Subquery Powertools. Views are a great idea if you’re using only a small subset of data in your QGIS map but you are storing a larger dataset as well.
Here’s an example of a map I made using 4 different query layers, one for each different population density.
Don’t forget that QGIS works in stacked layers, so your new SQL query layers will have to be on top of your base map or they won’t be visible.
You can also save your QGIS project in your Postgres database. This is under the Project — Save to options. This can be a good idea if you want others on your team to have access to projects or if you don’t want your QGIS projects stored locally.
There’s a great video of this and more from PostGIS Day 2020 called QGIS and PostGIS.
by Elizabeth Christensen (Elizabeth.Christensen@crunchydata.com) at March 06, 2024 01:00 PM
Clustering points is a common task for geospatial data analysis, and PostGIS provides several functions for clustering.
We previously looked at the popular DBSCAN spatial clustering algorithm, that builds clusters off of spatial density.
This post explores the features of the PostGIS ST_ClusterKMeans function. K-means clustering is having a moment, as a popular way of grouping very high-dimensional LLM embeddings, but it is also useful in lower dimensions for spatial clustering.
ST_ClusterKMeans will cluster 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional data, and will also perform weighted clustering on points when weights are provided in the "measure" dimension of the points.
To try out K-Means clustering we need some points to cluster, in this case the 1:10M populated places from Natural Earth.
Download the GIS files and load up to your database, in this example using ogr2ogr.
ogr2ogr \
-f PostgreSQL \
-nln popplaces \
-lco GEOMETRY_NAME=geom \
PG:'dbname=postgres' \
ne_10m_populated_places_simple.shp
A simple clustering in 2D space looks like this, using 10 as the number of clusters:
CREATE TABLE popplaces_geographic AS
SELECT geom, pop_max, name,
ST_ClusterKMeans(geom, 10) OVER () AS cluster
FROM popplaces;
Note that pieces of Russia are clustered with Alaska, and Oceania is split up. This is because we are treating the longitude/latitude coordinates of the points as if they were on a plane, so Alaska is very far away from Siberia.
For data confined to a small area, effects like the split at the dateline do not matter, but for our global example, it does. Fortunately there is a way to work around it.
We can convert the longitude/latitude coordinates of the original data to a geocentric coordinate system using ST_Transform. A "geocentric" system is one in which the origin is the center of the Earth, and positions are defined by their X, Y and Z distances from that center.
In a geocentric system, positions on either side of the dateline are still very close together in space, so it's great for clustering global data without worrying about the effects of the poles or date line. For this example we will use EPSG:4978 as our geocentric system.
Here are the coordinates of New York, converted to geocentric.
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Transform(ST_PointZ(74.0060, 40.7128, 0, 4326), 4978), 1);
POINT Z (1333998.5 4654044.8 4138300.2)
And here is the cluster operation performed in geocentric space.
CREATE TABLE popplaces_geocentric AS
SELECT geom, pop_max, name,
ST_ClusterKMeans(
ST_Transform(
ST_Force3D(geom),
4978),
10) OVER () AS cluster
FROM popplaces;
The results look very similar to the planar clustering, but you can see the "whole world" effect in a few places, like how Australia and all the islands of Oceania are now in one cluster, and how the dividing point between the Siberia and Alaska clusters has moved west across the date line.
It's worth noting that this clustering has been performed in three dimensions (since geocentric coordinates require an X, Y and Z), even though we are displaying the results in two dimensions.
In addition to naïve k-means, ST_ClusterKMeans can carry out weighted k-means clustering, to push the cluster locations around using extra information in the "M" dimension (the fourth coordinate) of the input points.
Since we have a "populated places" data set, it makes sense to use population as a weight for this example. The weighted algorithm requires strictly positive weights, so we filter out the handful of records that are non-positive.
CREATE TABLE popplaces_geocentric_weighted AS
SELECT geom, pop_max, name,
ST_ClusterKMeans(
ST_Force4D(
ST_Transform(ST_Force3D(geom), 4978),
mvalue => pop_max
),
10) OVER () AS cluster
FROM popplaces
WHERE pop_max > 0;
Again, the differences are subtle, but note how India is now a single cluster, how the Brazil cluster is now biased towards the populous eastern coast, and how North America is now split into east and west.
by Paul Ramsey (Paul.Ramsey@crunchydata.com) at February 13, 2024 01:00 PM
Update: The programme is now public.
The programme for pgconf.dev in Vancouver (May 28-31) has been selected, the speakers have been notified, and the whole thing should be posted on the web site relatively soon.
I have been on programme committees a number of times, but for regional and international FOSS4G events, never for a PostgreSQL event, and the parameters were notably different.
The parameter that was most important for selecting a programme this year was the over 180 submissions, versus the 33 available speaking slots. For FOSS4G conferences, it has been normal to have between two- and three-times as many submissions as slots. To have almost six-times as many made the process very difficult indeed.
Why only 33 speaking slots? Well, that’s a result of two things:
The content of those 33 talks falls out from being the successor to PgCon. PgCon has historically been the event attended by all major contributors. There is an invitation-only contributors round-table on the pre-event day, specifically for the valuable face-to-face synch-up.
Given only 33 slots, and a unique audience that contains so many contributors, the question of what pgconf.dev should “be” ends up focussed around making the best use of that audience. pgconf.dev should be a place where users, developers, and community organizers come together to focus on Postgres development and community growth.
That’s why in addition to talks about future development directions there are talks about PostgreSQL coding concepts, and patch review, and extensions. High throughput memory algorithms are good, but so is the best way to write a technical blog entry.
Getting from 180+ submissions to 33 selections (plus some stand-by talks in case of cancellations) was a process that consumed three calls of over 2 hours each and several hours of reading every submitted abstract.
The process was shepherded by the inimitable Jonathan Katz.
The programme committee was great to work with, willing to speak up about their opinions, disagree amicably, and come to a consensus.
Since we had to leave 150 talks behind, there’s no doubt lots of speakers who are sad they weren’t selected, and there’s lots of talks that we would have taken if we had more slots.
If you read all the way to here, you must be serious about coming, so you need to register and book your hotel right away. Spaces are, really, no kidding, very limited.
At PostGIS Day 2023, one of our speakers showed off a really cool demo for getting JSON and SVGs in and out of Postgres / PostGIS and into Google Sheets. Brian Timoney put together several open source projects in such a cool way that I just had to try it myself. If you want to see his demo video, it is on YouTube. With Brian’s blessing, I’m writing up some additional details with a few of the sample code bits for those of you that want to try this or something similar for your own projects.
So what do we have here? We have Postgres data that is coming into Google sheets in real time, tied to a custom SVG.
Before we dive in, an overview of things that I’ll cover to make this happen :
Brian wrote some special stuff for the goal and shot data in his examples to get it just right so if you want to play with a sample of that, here’s some data for you.
-- Regular season goals of Colorado Avalanche for 2021-2022 season
--
-- information derived from public NHL API
-- shot locations normalized for offensive end of ice
-- hex_id was derived for a demo for the 2022 PostGIS Day demo
SET client_encoding = 'UTF8';
CREATE TABLE public.goals (
rec_num integer,
game_id text,
this_event text,
this_event_code text,
players text,
playerid text,
player_role text,
x_coord text,
y_coord text,
team_scored text,
period_num text,
period_type text,
plot_x numeric,
plot_y numeric,
plot_pt public.geometry(Point,32613),
hex_id numeric
);
ALTER TABLE public.goals OWNER TO postgres;
INSERT INTO public.goals VALUES (26, '2021020005', 'Goal', 'COL24', 'Jack Johnson', '8471677', 'Scorer', '-77.0', '1.0', 'Colorado Avalanche', '1', 'REGULAR', 77.0, -1.0, '01010000000000000000405340000000000000F0BF', 258);
INSERT INTO public.goals VALUES (5997, '2021020982', 'Goal', 'SJS204', 'Darren Helm', '8471794', 'Scorer', '-76.0', '5.0', 'Colorado Avalanche', '1', 'REGULAR', 76.0, -5.0, '0101000000000000000000534000000000000014C0', 257);
INSERT INTO public.goals VALUES (2432, '2021020415', 'Goal', 'COL45', 'Darren Helm', '8471794', 'Scorer', '-75.0', '-3.0', 'Colorado Avalanche', '1', 'REGULAR', 75.0, 3.0, '01010000000000000000C052400000000000000840', 258);
-- Rink map created from random DXF file found on internet
--
-- ** IMPORTANT: SRID of 32613 is fake!! It is just an arbitrary X/Y plane
SET client_encoding = 'UTF8';
CREATE TABLE public.therink ( id_num integer, geom
public.geometry(MultiLineString,32613) );
ALTER TABLE public.therink OWNER TO postgres;
INSERT INTO public.therink VALUES (1,
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The special visual functions you will see with the shots and the rink are done with some functions for Postgres in pg_svg. This isn’t really an extension, it is just a handy functions you can load into any Postgres database to help create SVGs. To load this in your database download it and run something like:
psql postgres://postgres:123155012sdfxxcwsdfweweff@p.aqlunx3nqvebfh2bgffjj364ey.db.postgresbridge.com:5432/postgres < pg-svg-lib.sql
Brian wrote two sample SVG shot chart functions for this project. One large and one small that could fit inside a spreadsheet if that’s your final data destination.
-- FUNCTION: postgisftw.big_chart(text)
-- pg_featureserv looks for functions in the 'postgisftw' schema
-- ** IMPORTANT SRID 32613 is 'fake', just needed a planar projection to work with the arbitrary X/Y of the rink
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION postgisftw.big_chart(
player_id text DEFAULT '8476455'::text) -- if no id, then Landeskog goals
RETURNS TABLE(svg text)
LANGUAGE 'plpgsql'
COST 100
STABLE STRICT PARALLEL UNSAFE
ROWS 1000
AS $BODY$
BEGIN
RETURN QUERY
-- we only want to display the offensive end of the rink
with half_rink as (
select st_intersection(therink.geom,ST_SetSRID(ST_MakeBox2D(ST_Point(-0.1, 42.55), ST_Point(101, -42.55)), 32613))
as geom
from therink
),
goals as (
-- collect all of a player's goals into a single geometry
select ST_SetSRID(st_collect(geom)::geometry, 32613) as geom
from
( SELECT
st_intersection(ST_SetSRID(goals.plot_pt,32613),ST_SetSRID(ST_MakeBox2D(ST_Point(-0.1, 42.55), ST_Point(101, -42.55)), 32613))
as geom
from postgisftw.goals
WHERE playerid ILIKE player_id || '%'
)q1
),
-- get player name, team total number of goals for title display
playerinfo AS (
select UPPER(q1.players) as this_player,min(q1.team_scored) as this_team
, count(q1.playerid)::text as num_goals from
(
select a.players,a.playerid,a.team_scored
from postgisftw.goals a WHERE playerid ILIKE player_id || '%'
) q1
group by q1.players
),
-- make the SVG document
shapes AS (
--rink styling
SELECT geom, svgShape( geom,
style => svgStyle( 'stroke', '#2E9AFE',
'stroke-width', 0.5::text )
)
svg FROM half_rink
UNION ALL
-- goals styling
SELECT geom, svgShape( geom,
style => svgStyle( 'stroke', '#F5A9A9',
'stroke-width', 0.5::text,
'fill','#FF0040'
)
)
svg FROM goals
UNION ALL
-- player name, team, and total number of goals
-- create an arbitrary point underneath the rink and reasonably centered
SELECT NULL, svgText(ST_SetSRID(ST_MakePoint(50,-46),32613),this_player||' ('||this_team||') - '||num_goals||' goals',
style => svgStyle( 'fill', '#585858', 'text-anchor', 'middle', 'font', 'bold 3px sans-serif' ) )
svg
from playerinfo
)
-- create the final viewbox
-- Martin Davis uses a sensible default of expanding the collected geometry
-- since our rink geometry is static, I hard coded a viewbox
SELECT svgDoc( array_agg( shapes.svg ),
viewbox => '-2.1 -44.5 104.4 93'
--viewbox => svgViewbox( ST_Expand( ST_Extent(geom), 2))
) AS svg FROM shapes
;
END;
$BODY$;
ALTER FUNCTION postgisftw.big_chart(text)
OWNER TO postgres;
The big chart will be centered in the browser with no height and width specification in the first line. In addition, we have added a title line with player name, team, and number of goals.
-- FUNCTION: postgisftw.cell_chart(text)
-- DROP FUNCTION IF EXISTS postgisftw.cell_chart(text);
-- pg_featureserv looks for functions in the 'postgisftw' schema
-- TO GET OUR CHART TO DISPLAY REASONABLY IN Google Sheets we need three adjustments:
-- 1) 'shrink' the geometries to 40% of their default size applying ST_SCALE
-- 2) Use ST_TRANSLATE to slide the upper left corner of the rink to (0,0) -- as much as practical
-- 3) Add a hard coded set of height and width values to the final SVG document
-- ** IMPORTANT SRID 32613 is 'fake', just needed a planar projection to work with the arbitrary X/Y of the rink
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION postgisftw.cell_chart(
rec_num_id text DEFAULT '4668'::text -- if no id, then Landeskog goal
)
RETURNS TABLE(svg text)
LANGUAGE 'plpgsql'
COST 100
STABLE STRICT PARALLEL UNSAFE
ROWS 1000
AS $BODY$
BEGIN
RETURN QUERY
with half_rink as (
select st_translate( -- Scale and Translate for Google Sheets use case
st_scale(q1.geom,0.4,0.4)
,-2,-18
) as geom from
(
-- we only want to display the offensive end of the rink
select st_intersection(therink.geom,ST_SetSRID(ST_MakeBox2D(ST_Point(-0.1, 42.55), ST_Point(101, -42.55)), 32613))
as geom
from therink
) q1
),
goals as (
select
st_translate( -- Scale and Translate for Google Sheets use case
st_scale(q2.geom,0.4,0.4)
,-2,-18 )
as geom from
(
-- collect all of a player's goals into a single geometry
SELECT ST_SetSRID(st_collect(geom)::geometry, 32613) as geom
from
( SELECT
st_intersection(ST_SetSRID(goals.plot_pt,32613),ST_SetSRID(ST_MakeBox2D(ST_Point(-0.1, 42.55), ST_Point(101, -42.55)), 32613))
as geom
from postgisftw.goals
WHERE rec_num = rec_num_id::INTEGER -- uses the rec_num id fed into the function
)q1
)q2
),
shapes AS (
-- Rink SVG + styling
SELECT geom, svgShape( geom,
style => svgStyle( 'stroke', '#2E9AFE',
'stroke-width', 0.5::text )
)
svg FROM half_rink
UNION ALL
-- goals SVG + styling
SELECT geom, svgShape( geom,
style => svgStyle( 'stroke', '#F5A9A9',
'stroke-width', 0.5::text,
'fill','#FF0040'
)
)
svg FROM goals
)
--IMPORTANT we are hard-coding the extent of the document + adding height and width explicitly
--Google Sheets needs the height and width of the document specified (apparently)
SELECT svgDoc( array_agg( shapes.svg ),
'0 0 43 36" width="43mm" height="36mm ' --**WARNING -- hard coded values
) AS svg FROM shapes
;
END;
$BODY$;
ALTER FUNCTION postgisftw.cell_chart(text)
OWNER TO postgres;
The small chart is scaled down, and the content is shifted to the origin of the SVG coordinate space ( 0,0 is in the upper left corner). In the small chart, you can see we have added width and height parameters in millimeters.
pg_featureserv is a project that will run a separate lightweight Go server on top of your Postgres database to expose JSON, Geojson, and (newly) SVGs. pg_featureserv requires data to have a spatial reference id (SRID). You can just use a stand-in SRID and that is what is in the example data and functions.
pg_featureserv can be run as its own server and you can also run it from inside your database using the Crunchy Bridge Container Apps feature, based off of the podman project. To build a pg_featureserv container in a database, you’ll run something like this:
SELECT run_container('-dt -p 5433:5433/tcp -e DATABASE_URL="postgres://postgres:Rb3bZ1VZ7dZIUiFiy62J0OHVZybYROJjoDId@p.aqlunx3nqvebfh2bgffjj364ey.db.postgresbridge.com:5432/postgres" -e PGFS_SERVER_HTTPPORT=5433 docker.io/pramsey/pg_featureserv:latest');
pg_featureserv will then be running in a web browser at a link like
http://p.aqlunx3nqvebfh2bgffjj364ey.db.postgresbridge.com:5433. To get data
from pg_featureserv, you make requests with URLs for the data you want. Here’s a
couple of samples:
JSON:
http://p.aqlunx3nqvebfh2bgffjj364ey.db.postgresbridge.com:5433/collections/postgisftw.goals/items.json
SVG:
http://p.aqlunx3nqvebfh2bgffjj364ey.db.postgresbridge.com:5433/functions/postgisftw.cell_chart/items.svg
You can further qualify URLs with player details and other queries in the url strings, like this:
http://p.aqlunx3nqvebfh2bgffjj364ey.db.postgresbridge.com:5433/functions/postgisftw.cell_chart/items.svg?player_id=8471677
Here’s your resulting SVG file displayed at a browser URL.
To load the JSON data into a Google Sheet, the fastest approach is to use Apps Scripts to write some JavaScript to process the JSON into an array of rows containing an array of columns. In a Google Sheet, go to Extensions > App Scripts. Create a new blank script, and replace the generated code with the following:
function ImportJSON(url) {
const response = UrlFetchApp.fetch(url)
const jsonString = response.getContentText()
const data = JSON.parse(jsonString).features.map(feature => ({
point_x: feature.geometry.coordinates[0],
point_y: feature.geometry.coordinates[1],
...feature.properties,
}))
const columns = [
'players',
'team_scored',
'period_num',
'this_event',
'this_event_code',
'playerid',
'game_id',
'rec_num',
]
const rows = data.map(item => columns.map(column => item[column]))
return [columns].concat(rows)
}
Please note this is a specialized version of the function to only select specific columns and reorder them. To make it more general, replace the columns variable instantiation with something like the following:
const columns = Object.keys(data[0])
Consider renaming the file to something like ImportJSON.gs then save the file
as the last step. This will provide an ImportJSON() function we can use within
the Google Sheet. In your Google Sheet, enter into a cell like A1 and use the
something like this to combine bring in the JSON data with a limit or filters:
=ImportJSON("http://p.aqlunx3nqvebfh2bgffjj364ey.db.postgresbridge.com:5433/collections/postgisftw.goals/items.json?limit=50")
This will load the JSON data into the Google Sheet starting at A1.
To make a SVG ready for Google Sheet, use the Google Sheets IMAGE function
with the pg_featureserv URL. Concatenating the URL lets us tie the JSON row to
the right SVG data.
=IMAGE(CONCATENATE("http://p.aqlunx3nqvebfh2bgffjj364ey.db.postgresbridge.com:5433/functions/postgisftw.cell_chart/items.svg?rec_num_id=", B1))
Here’s a view of our final spreadsheet
Crunchy Data supports both pg_featureserv and pg_svg until I saw this talk, I had no idea they would work together. Martin obviously did because he wrote them both! The best part is that our fully managed Crunchy Bridge supported all of this, so it was super easy for me to set this up on a test sersver and tear it down when I'm finished testing.
Thanks to Jay Zawrotny for the javascript assistance. A huge thank you
to Brian Timoney for letting me experiment
with his hockey code and SVGs.
by Elizabeth Christensen (Elizabeth.Christensen@crunchydata.com) at January 30, 2024 01:00 PM
At PostGIS Day 2023, one of our speakers showed off a really cool demo for getting JSON and SVGs in and out of Postgres / PostGIS and into Google Sheets. Brian Timoney put together several open source projects in such a cool way that I just had to try it myself. If you want to see his demo video, it is on YouTube. With Brian’s blessing, I’m writing up some additional details with a few of the sample code bits for those of you that want to try this or something similar for your own projects.
So what do we have here? We have Postgres data that is coming into Google sheets in real time, tied to a custom SVG.
Before we dive in, an overview of things that I’ll cover to make this happen :
Brian wrote some special stuff for the goal and shot data in his examples to get it just right so if you want to play with a sample of that, here’s some data for you.
-- Regular season goals of Colorado Avalanche for 2021-2022 season
--
-- information derived from public NHL API
-- shot locations normalized for offensive end of ice
-- hex_id was derived for a demo for the 2022 PostGIS Day demo
SET client_encoding = 'UTF8';
CREATE TABLE public.goals (
rec_num integer,
game_id text,
this_event text,
this_event_code text,
players text,
playerid text,
player_role text,
x_coord text,
y_coord text,
team_scored text,
period_num text,
period_type text,
plot_x numeric,
plot_y numeric,
plot_pt public.geometry(Point,32613),
hex_id numeric
);
ALTER TABLE public.goals OWNER TO postgres;
INSERT INTO public.goals VALUES (26, '2021020005', 'Goal', 'COL24', 'Jack Johnson', '8471677', 'Scorer', '-77.0', '1.0', 'Colorado Avalanche', '1', 'REGULAR', 77.0, -1.0, '01010000000000000000405340000000000000F0BF', 258);
INSERT INTO public.goals VALUES (5997, '2021020982', 'Goal', 'SJS204', 'Darren Helm', '8471794', 'Scorer', '-76.0', '5.0', 'Colorado Avalanche', '1', 'REGULAR', 76.0, -5.0, '0101000000000000000000534000000000000014C0', 257);
INSERT INTO public.goals VALUES (2432, '2021020415', 'Goal', 'COL45', 'Darren Helm', '8471794', 'Scorer', '-75.0', '-3.0', 'Colorado Avalanche', '1', 'REGULAR', 75.0, 3.0, '01010000000000000000C052400000000000000840', 258);
-- Rink map created from random DXF file found on internet
--
-- ** IMPORTANT: SRID of 32613 is fake!! It is just an arbitrary X/Y plane
SET client_encoding = 'UTF8';
CREATE TABLE public.therink ( id_num integer, geom
public.geometry(MultiLineString,32613) );
ALTER TABLE public.therink OWNER TO postgres;
INSERT INTO public.therink VALUES (1,
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The special visual functions you will see with the shots and the rink are done with some functions for Postgres in pg_svg. This isn’t really an extension, it is just a handy functions you can load into any Postgres database to help create SVGs. To load this in your database download it and run something like:
psql postgres://postgres:123155012sdfxxcwsdfweweff@p.aqlunx3nqvebfh2bgffjj364ey.db.postgresbridge.com:5432/postgres < pg-svg-lib.sql
Brian wrote two sample SVG shot chart functions for this project. One large and one small that could fit inside a spreadsheet if that’s your final data destination.
-- FUNCTION: postgisftw.big_chart(text)
-- pg_featureserv looks for functions in the 'postgisftw' schema
-- ** IMPORTANT SRID 32613 is 'fake', just needed a planar projection to work with the arbitrary X/Y of the rink
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION postgisftw.big_chart(
player_id text DEFAULT '8476455'::text) -- if no id, then Landeskog goals
RETURNS TABLE(svg text)
LANGUAGE 'plpgsql'
COST 100
STABLE STRICT PARALLEL UNSAFE
ROWS 1000
AS $BODY$
BEGIN
RETURN QUERY
-- we only want to display the offensive end of the rink
with half_rink as (
select st_intersection(therink.geom,ST_SetSRID(ST_MakeBox2D(ST_Point(-0.1, 42.55), ST_Point(101, -42.55)), 32613))
as geom
from therink
),
goals as (
-- collect all of a player's goals into a single geometry
select ST_SetSRID(st_collect(geom)::geometry, 32613) as geom
from
( SELECT
st_intersection(ST_SetSRID(goals.plot_pt,32613),ST_SetSRID(ST_MakeBox2D(ST_Point(-0.1, 42.55), ST_Point(101, -42.55)), 32613))
as geom
from postgisftw.goals
WHERE playerid ILIKE player_id || '%'
)q1
),
-- get player name, team total number of goals for title display
playerinfo AS (
select UPPER(q1.players) as this_player,min(q1.team_scored) as this_team
, count(q1.playerid)::text as num_goals from
(
select a.players,a.playerid,a.team_scored
from postgisftw.goals a WHERE playerid ILIKE player_id || '%'
) q1
group by q1.players
),
-- make the SVG document
shapes AS (
--rink styling
SELECT geom, svgShape( geom,
style => svgStyle( 'stroke', '#2E9AFE',
'stroke-width', 0.5::text )
)
svg FROM half_rink
UNION ALL
-- goals styling
SELECT geom, svgShape( geom,
style => svgStyle( 'stroke', '#F5A9A9',
'stroke-width', 0.5::text,
'fill','#FF0040'
)
)
svg FROM goals
UNION ALL
-- player name, team, and total number of goals
-- create an arbitrary point underneath the rink and reasonably centered
SELECT NULL, svgText(ST_SetSRID(ST_MakePoint(50,-46),32613),this_player||' ('||this_team||') - '||num_goals||' goals',
style => svgStyle( 'fill', '#585858', 'text-anchor', 'middle', 'font', 'bold 3px sans-serif' ) )
svg
from playerinfo
)
-- create the final viewbox
-- Martin Davis uses a sensible default of expanding the collected geometry
-- since our rink geometry is static, I hard coded a viewbox
SELECT svgDoc( array_agg( shapes.svg ),
viewbox => '-2.1 -44.5 104.4 93'
--viewbox => svgViewbox( ST_Expand( ST_Extent(geom), 2))
) AS svg FROM shapes
;
END;
$BODY$;
ALTER FUNCTION postgisftw.big_chart(text)
OWNER TO postgres;
The big chart will be centered in the browser with no height and width specification in the first line. In addition, we have added a title line with player name, team, and number of goals.
-- FUNCTION: postgisftw.cell_chart(text)
-- DROP FUNCTION IF EXISTS postgisftw.cell_chart(text);
-- pg_featureserv looks for functions in the 'postgisftw' schema
-- TO GET OUR CHART TO DISPLAY REASONABLY IN Google Sheets we need three adjustments:
-- 1) 'shrink' the geometries to 40% of their default size applying ST_SCALE
-- 2) Use ST_TRANSLATE to slide the upper left corner of the rink to (0,0) -- as much as practical
-- 3) Add a hard coded set of height and width values to the final SVG document
-- ** IMPORTANT SRID 32613 is 'fake', just needed a planar projection to work with the arbitrary X/Y of the rink
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION postgisftw.cell_chart(
rec_num_id text DEFAULT '4668'::text -- if no id, then Landeskog goal
)
RETURNS TABLE(svg text)
LANGUAGE 'plpgsql'
COST 100
STABLE STRICT PARALLEL UNSAFE
ROWS 1000
AS $BODY$
BEGIN
RETURN QUERY
with half_rink as (
select st_translate( -- Scale and Translate for Google Sheets use case
st_scale(q1.geom,0.4,0.4)
,-2,-18
) as geom from
(
-- we only want to display the offensive end of the rink
select st_intersection(therink.geom,ST_SetSRID(ST_MakeBox2D(ST_Point(-0.1, 42.55), ST_Point(101, -42.55)), 32613))
as geom
from therink
) q1
),
goals as (
select
st_translate( -- Scale and Translate for Google Sheets use case
st_scale(q2.geom,0.4,0.4)
,-2,-18 )
as geom from
(
-- collect all of a player's goals into a single geometry
SELECT ST_SetSRID(st_collect(geom)::geometry, 32613) as geom
from
( SELECT
st_intersection(ST_SetSRID(goals.plot_pt,32613),ST_SetSRID(ST_MakeBox2D(ST_Point(-0.1, 42.55), ST_Point(101, -42.55)), 32613))
as geom
from postgisftw.goals
WHERE rec_num = rec_num_id::INTEGER -- uses the rec_num id fed into the function
)q1
)q2
),
shapes AS (
-- Rink SVG + styling
SELECT geom, svgShape( geom,
style => svgStyle( 'stroke', '#2E9AFE',
'stroke-width', 0.5::text )
)
svg FROM half_rink
UNION ALL
-- goals SVG + styling
SELECT geom, svgShape( geom,
style => svgStyle( 'stroke', '#F5A9A9',
'stroke-width', 0.5::text,
'fill','#FF0040'
)
)
svg FROM goals
)
--IMPORTANT we are hard-coding the extent of the document + adding height and width explicitly
--Google Sheets needs the height and width of the document specified (apparently)
SELECT svgDoc( array_agg( shapes.svg ),
'0 0 43 36" width="43mm" height="36mm ' --**WARNING -- hard coded values
) AS svg FROM shapes
;
END;
$BODY$;
ALTER FUNCTION postgisftw.cell_chart(text)
OWNER TO postgres;
The small chart is scaled down, and the content is shifted to the origin of the SVG coordinate space ( 0,0 is in the upper left corner). In the small chart, you can see we have added width and height parameters in millimeters.
pg_featureserv is a project that will run a separate lightweight Go server on top of your Postgres database to expose JSON, Geojson, and (newly) SVGs. pg_featureserv requires data to have a spatial reference id (SRID). You can just use a stand-in SRID and that is what is in the example data and functions.
pg_featureserv can be run as its own server and you can also run it from inside your database using the Crunchy Bridge Container Apps feature, based off of the podman project. To build a pg_featureserv container in a database, you’ll run something like this:
SELECT run_container('-dt -p 5433:5433/tcp -e DATABASE_URL="postgres://postgres:Rb3bZ1VZ7dZIUiFiy62J0OHVZybYROJjoDId@p.aqlunx3nqvebfh2bgffjj364ey.db.postgresbridge.com:5432/postgres" -e PGFS_SERVER_HTTPPORT=5433 docker.io/pramsey/pg_featureserv:latest');
pg_featureserv will then be running in a web browser at a link like
http://p.aqlunx3nqvebfh2bgffjj364ey.db.postgresbridge.com:5433. To get data
from pg_featureserv, you make requests with URLs for the data you want. Here’s a
couple of samples:
JSON:
http://p.aqlunx3nqvebfh2bgffjj364ey.db.postgresbridge.com:5433/collections/postgisftw.goals/items.json
SVG:
http://p.aqlunx3nqvebfh2bgffjj364ey.db.postgresbridge.com:5433/functions/postgisftw.cell_chart/items.svg
You can further qualify URLs with player details and other queries in the url strings, like this:
http://p.aqlunx3nqvebfh2bgffjj364ey.db.postgresbridge.com:5433/functions/postgisftw.cell_chart/items.svg?player_id=8471677
Here’s your resulting SVG file displayed at a browser URL.
To load the JSON data into a Google Sheet, the fastest approach is to use Apps Scripts to write some JavaScript to process the JSON into an array of rows containing an array of columns. In a Google Sheet, go to Extensions > App Scripts. Create a new blank script, and replace the generated code with the following:
function ImportJSON(url) {
const response = UrlFetchApp.fetch(url)
const jsonString = response.getContentText()
const data = JSON.parse(jsonString).features.map(feature => ({
point_x: feature.geometry.coordinates[0],
point_y: feature.geometry.coordinates[1],
...feature.properties,
}))
const columns = [
'players',
'team_scored',
'period_num',
'this_event',
'this_event_code',
'playerid',
'game_id',
'rec_num',
]
const rows = data.map(item => columns.map(column => item[column]))
return [columns].concat(rows)
}
Please note this is a specialized version of the function to only select specific columns and reorder them. To make it more general, replace the columns variable instantiation with something like the following:
const columns = Object.keys(data[0])
Consider renaming the file to something like ImportJSON.gs then save the file
as the last step. This will provide an ImportJSON() function we can use within
the Google Sheet. In your Google Sheet, enter into a cell like A1 and use the
something like this to combine bring in the JSON data with a limit or filters:
=ImportJSON("http://p.aqlunx3nqvebfh2bgffjj364ey.db.postgresbridge.com:5433/collections/postgisftw.goals/items.json?limit=50")
This will load the JSON data into the Google Sheet starting at A1.
To make a SVG ready for Google Sheet, use the Google Sheets IMAGE function
with the pg_featureserv URL. Concatenating the URL lets us tie the JSON row to
the right SVG data.
=IMAGE(CONCATENATE("http://p.aqlunx3nqvebfh2bgffjj364ey.db.postgresbridge.com:5433/functions/postgisftw.cell_chart/items.svg?rec_num_id=", B1))
Here’s a view of our final spreadsheet
Crunchy Data supports both pg_featureserv and pg_svg until I saw this talk, I had no idea they would work together. Martin obviously did because he wrote them both! The best part is that our fully managed Crunchy Bridge supported all of this, so it was super easy for me to set this up on a test sersver and tear it down when I'm finished testing.
Thanks to Jay Zawrotny for the javascript assistance. A huge thank you
to Brian Timoney for letting me experiment
with his hockey code and SVGs.
by Elizabeth Christensen (Elizabeth.Christensen@crunchydata.com) at January 30, 2024 01:00 PM
This year, the global gathering of PostgreSQL developers has a new name, and a new location (but more-or-less the same dates) … pgcon.org is now pgconf.dev!
Some important points right up front:
I first attended pgcon.org in 2011, when I was invited to keynote on the topic of PostGIS. Speaking in front of an audience of PostgreSQL luminaries was really intimidating, but also gratifying and empowering. Notwithstanding my imposter syndrome, all those super clever developers thought our little geospatial extension was… kind of clever.
I kept going to PgCon as regularly as I was able over the years, and was never disappointed. The annual gathering of the core developers of PostgreSQL necessarily includes content and insignts that you simply can not come across elsewhere, all compactly in one smallish conference, and the hallway track is amazing.
PostgreSQL may be a global development community, but the power of personal connection is not to be denied. Getting to meet and talk with core developers helped me understand where the project was going, and gave me the confidence to push ahead with my (very tiny) contributions.
This year, the event is in Vancouver! Still in Canada, but a little more directly connected to international air hubs than Ottawa was.
Also, this year I am honored to get a chance to serve on the program committee! We are looking for technical talks from across the PostgreSQL ecosystem, as well as about happenings in core. PostgreSQL is so much larger than just the core, and spreading the word about how you are building on PostgreSQL is important (and I am not just saying that as an extension author).
I hope to see you all there!
For a long time, a big constituency of users of PostGIS has been people with large data analytics problems that crush their desktop GIS systems. Or people who similarly find that their geospatial problems are too large to run in R. Or Python.
These are data scientists or adjacent people. And when they ran into those problems, the first course of action would be to move the data and parts of the workload to a “real database server”.
This all made sense to me.
But recently, something transformative happened – Crunchy Data upgraded my work laptop to a MacBook Pro.
Suddenly a GEOS compile that previously took 20 minutes, took 45 seconds.
I now have processing power on my local laptop that previously was only available on a server. The MacBook Pro may be a leading indicator of this amount of power, but the trend is clear.
What does that mean for default architectures and tooling?
Well, for data science, it means that a program like DuckDB goes from being a bit of a curiosity, to being the default tool for handling large data processing workloads.
What is DuckDB? According to the web site, it is “an in-process SQL OLAP database management system”. That doesn’t sound like a revolution in data science (it sounds really confusing).
But consider what DuckDB rolls together:
Having those things together makes it a data science power tool, and removes a lot of the prior incentive that data scientists had to move their data into “real” databases.
When they run into the limits of in-memory analysis in R or Python, they will instead serialize their data to local disk and use DuckDB to slam through the joins and filters that were blowing out their RAM before.
They will also take advantage of DuckDB’s ability to stream remote data from data lake object stores.
What, stream multi-gigabyte JSON files? Well, yes that’s possible, but it’s not where the action is.
The CPU is not the only laptop component that has been getting ridiculously powerful over the past few years. The network pipe that connects that laptop to the internet has also been getting both wider and lower latency with every passing year.
As the propect of streaming data for analysis has come into view, the formats for remote data have also evolved. Instead of JSON, which is relatively fluffy, and hard to efficiently filter, the Parquet format is becoming a new standard for data lakes.
Parquet is a binary format, that organizes the data into blocks for efficient subsetting and processing. A DuckDB query to a properly organized Parquet time series file might easily pull only records for 2 of 20 columns, and 1 day of 365, reducing a multi-gigabyte download to a handful of megabytes.
The huge rise in available local computation, and network connectivity is going to spawn some new standard architectures.
Imagine a “two tier” architecture where tier one is an HTTP object store and tier two is a Javascript single page app? The COG Explorer has already been around for a few years, and it’s just such a two tier application.
(For fun, recognize that an architecture where the data are stored in an access-optimized format, and access is via primitive file-system requests, while all the smarts are in the client-side visualization software is… the old workstation GIS model. Everything old is new again.)
The technology is fresh, but the trendline is pretty clear. See Kyle Barrron’s talk about GeoParquet and DeckGL for a taste of where we are going.
Meanwhile, I expect that a lot of the growth in PostGIS / PostgreSQL we have seen in the data science field will level out for a while, as the convenience of DuckDB takes over a lot of workloads.
The limitations of Parquet (efficient remote access limited to a handful of filter variables being the primary one, as will cojoint spatial/non-spatial filter and joins) will still leave use cases that require a “real” database, but a lot of people who used to reach for PostGIS will be reaching for Duck, and that is going to change a lot of architectures, some for the better, and some for the worse.
A common problem in geospatial analysis is extracting areas of density from point fields. PostGIS has four window clustering functions that take in geometries and return cluster numbers (or NULL for unclustered inputs), which apply different algorithms to the problem of grouping the geometries in the input partitions.
The ST_ClusterDBSCAN function
in PostGIS is a quick and easy way to extract clusters from point data. DBSCAN
specifically works with density and is well suited for population or density
type spatial data. To demonstrate ST_ClusterDBSCAN I'm going to work with the
geographic names data, specifically the schools, and show how we can quickly
create a U.S. population density map.
Let's explore clustering using geographic names data.
Create a table to hold the data. Note that the table is generating the points automatically from the longitude/latitude (EPSG:4326) and transforming into a planar projection for the USA (EPSG:5070).
CREATE TABLE geonames (
geonameid integer,
name text,
asciiname text,
alternatenames text,
latitude float8,
longitude float8,
fclass char,
fcode text,
country text,
cc2 text,
admin1 text,
admin2 text,
admin3 text,
admin4 text,
population bigint,
elevation integer,
dem text,
timezone text,
modification date,
geom geometry(point, 5070)
GENERATED ALWAYS AS
(ST_Transform(ST_Point(longitude, latitude, 4326),5070)) STORED
);
Now load the table. Note the super fun use of PROGRAM to pull data directly
from the web and feed a COPY.
COPY geonames
FROM PROGRAM '(curl http://download.geonames.org/export/dump/US.zip > /tmp/US.zip) && unzip -p /tmp/US.zip US.txt'
WITH (FORMAT CSV, DELIMITER E'\t', HEADER false);
(This trick only works using the postgres superuser, since it involves calling
a program and writing to system disk. If you do not have superuser access,
download and unzip the US.TXT file by hand and
load it
using COPY from the file.)
Finally, add a spatial index to the geom column.
CREATE INDEX geonames_geom_x
ON geonames
USING GIST (geom);
There are 434 distinct feature codes in the geonames table. We will restrict
our analysis to just the 205,848 schools, with an fcode of SCH.
SELECT Count(DISTINCT fcode) FROM geonames;
SELECT Count(fcode) FROM geonames WHERE fcode = 'SCH';
Schools are an interesting feature to analyze because there's a nice strong correlation between the number of schools and the population. There's a lot of schools! But they are not uniformly distributed.
If we zoom into the midwest, the concentration of schools in populated places pops out. We can use PostGIS to turn this distribution difference into a data set of populated places!
The DBSCAN clustering algorithm is a "density based spatial clustering of applications with noise". The PostGIS ST_ClusterDBSCAN implementation is a window function that takes three parameters:
An input geometry is added to a cluster if it is either:
How does this play out in practice?
If we zoom further into Chicago, around the suburban/exurban transition, the schools are about 1000 meters apart, sometimes more sometimes less, transitioning out to 2000 meters and more in the exurbs.
For our clusters, we will use:
eps distance of 200mminpoints of 5admin1) to cut down on the number of cluster
numbers.CREATE TABLE geonames_sch AS
SELECT ST_ClusterDBScan(geom, 2000, 5)
OVER (PARTITION BY admin1) AS cluster, *
FROM geonames
WHERE fcode = 'SCH';
The result looks like this, with each cluster given a distinct color, and un-clustered schools rendered transparent.
The smaller clusters look a little arbitrary, but if we zoom in, we can see that even small population centers have been surfaced with this analytical technique.
Here is Kanakee, Illinois, neatly identified as a populated place by its cluster of schools.
Now that we have clusters, getting a populated place point is as simple as using the ST_Centroid function.
CREATE TABLE geonames_popplaces AS
SELECT ST_Centroid(ST_Collect(geom))::geometry(Point, 5070) AS geom,
Count(*) AS school_count,
cluster, admin1
FROM geonames_sch
GROUP BY cluster, admin1
We have completed the analysis, converting the density difference in school locations into a set of derived populated place points.
Now for the whole population cluster map!
ST_ClusterDBScan
eps for distance toleranceminpoints to reduce densityST_Centroidby Paul Ramsey (Paul.Ramsey@crunchydata.com) at December 19, 2023 01:00 PM
A common problem in geospatial analysis is extracting areas of density from point fields. PostGIS has four window clustering functions that take in geometries and return cluster numbers (or NULL for unclustered inputs), which apply different algorithms to the problem of grouping the geometries in the input partitions.
The ST_ClusterDBSCAN function
in PostGIS is a quick and easy way to extract clusters from point data. DBSCAN
specifically works with density and is well suited for population or density
type spatial data. To demonstrate ST_ClusterDBSCAN I'm going to work with the
geographic names data, specifically the schools, and show how we can quickly
create a U.S. population density map.
Let's explore clustering using geographic names data.
Create a table to hold the data. Note that the table is generating the points automatically from the longitude/latitude (EPSG:4326) and transforming into a planar projection for the USA (EPSG:5070).
CREATE TABLE geonames (
geonameid integer,
name text,
asciiname text,
alternatenames text,
latitude float8,
longitude float8,
fclass char,
fcode text,
country text,
cc2 text,
admin1 text,
admin2 text,
admin3 text,
admin4 text,
population bigint,
elevation integer,
dem text,
timezone text,
modification date,
geom geometry(point, 5070)
GENERATED ALWAYS AS
(ST_Transform(ST_Point(longitude, latitude, 4326),5070)) STORED
);
Now load the table. Note the super fun use of PROGRAM to pull data directly
from the web and feed a COPY.
COPY geonames
FROM PROGRAM '(curl http://download.geonames.org/export/dump/US.zip > /tmp/US.zip) && unzip -p /tmp/US.zip US.txt'
WITH (FORMAT CSV, DELIMITER E'\t', HEADER false);
(This trick only works using the postgres superuser, since it involves calling
a program and writing to system disk. If you do not have superuser access,
download and unzip the US.TXT file by hand and
load it
using COPY from the file.)
Finally, add a spatial index to the geom column.
CREATE INDEX geonames_geom_x
ON geonames
USING GIST (geom);
There are 434 distinct feature codes in the geonames table. We will restrict
our analysis to just the 205,848 schools, with an fcode of SCH.
SELECT Count(DISTINCT fcode) FROM geonames;
SELECT Count(fcode) FROM geonames WHERE fcode = 'SCH';
Schools are an interesting feature to analyze because there's a nice strong correlation between the number of schools and the population. There's a lot of schools! But they are not uniformly distributed.
If we zoom into the midwest, the concentration of schools in populated places pops out. We can use PostGIS to turn this distribution difference into a data set of populated places!
The DBSCAN clustering algorithm is a "density based spatial clustering of applications with noise". The PostGIS ST_ClusterDBSCAN implementation is a window function that takes three parameters:
An input geometry is added to a cluster if it is either:
How does this play out in practice?
If we zoom further into Chicago, around the suburban/exurban transition, the schools are about 1000 meters apart, sometimes more sometimes less, transitioning out to 2000 meters and more in the exurbs.
For our clusters, we will use:
eps distance of 2000mminpoints of 5admin1) to cut down on the number of cluster
numbers.CREATE TABLE geonames_sch AS
SELECT ST_ClusterDBScan(geom, 2000, 5)
OVER (PARTITION BY admin1) AS cluster, *
FROM geonames
WHERE fcode = 'SCH';
The result looks like this, with each cluster given a distinct color, and un-clustered schools rendered transparent.
The smaller clusters look a little arbitrary, but if we zoom in, we can see that even small population centers have been surfaced with this analytical technique.
Here is Kanakee, Illinois, neatly identified as a populated place by its cluster of schools.
Now that we have clusters, getting a populated place point is as simple as using the ST_Centroid function.
CREATE TABLE geonames_popplaces AS
SELECT ST_Centroid(ST_Collect(geom))::geometry(Point, 5070) AS geom,
Count(*) AS school_count,
cluster, admin1
FROM geonames_sch
GROUP BY cluster, admin1
We have completed the analysis, converting the density difference in school locations into a set of derived populated place points.
Now for the whole population cluster map!
ST_ClusterDBScan
eps for distance toleranceminpoints to reduce densityST_Centroidby Paul Ramsey (Paul.Ramsey@crunchydata.com) at December 19, 2023 01:00 PM
Preparing the keynote for FOSS4G North America this year felt particularly difficult. I certainly sweated over it.
The way it all ended up was:
Here’s this year’s iteration.
The production of this kind of content is involved. The goal is to remain interesting over a relatively long period of time.
I have become increasingly opinionated about how to do that.
I originally started scripting talks because it allowed me to smooth out the quality of my talks. With a script, it wasn’t a crapshoot whether I had a good ad lib delivery or a bad one, I had a nice consistent level. From there, leveraging up to take advantage of the format to increase the talk quality was a natural step. Speakers like Lessig and Damian Conway remain my guide posts.
If you liked the keynote video and want to use the materials, the slides are available here under CC BY.
PostGIS Day 2023 videos came out recently. PostGIS Day conference is always my favorite conference of the year because you get to see what people are doing all over the world, and it always has many many new tricks for using PostgreSQL and PostGIS family of extensions you had never thought of. Most importantly it's virtual, which makes it much easier for people to fit in their schedules than an on site conference. We really need more virtual conferences in the PostgreSQL community. Many many thanks to Crunchy Data for putting this together again, in particular to Elizabeth Christensen who did the hard behind the scenes work of corraling all the presenters and stepping in to give a talk herself, and my PostGIS partner in development Paul Ramsey who did the MC'ing probably with very little sleep, but still managed to be very energetic. Check out Elizabeth's summary of the event. Many of her highlights would have been mine too, so I'm going to skip those.
Continue reading "PostGIS Day 2023 Summary"by Regina Obe (nospam@example.com) at December 07, 2023 02:58 AM
We hosted our annual PostGIS day a couple weeks ago with some great talks on a big variety of topics within open-source GIS. Here is a summary of the themes I saw take shape across the day’s events that will point you towards the recordings, depending on your interests. A full playlist of PostGIS Day 2023 is available on our YouTube channel.
If you’ve spent time with developers this year you know that folks love to tell you the details and reasoning behind their tech stack and the GIS community is no different. PostGIS is really the engine behind the modern day open-source GIS installations and several presenters came to talk about their GIS architecture and preferred toolchains, backed by PostGIS.
Paul asked Rhys if the PRAM stack name is flattery or if he’s being trolled. I think you’ll see that Rhys’ talk is almost all flattery. He digs into using PostGIS with the ogr_fdw, pgRouting, PostgREST, Sqitch, and pgTAP for projects in the utilities industry. Rhys’ talk had some of the best screengrabs including this gem.
Modern GIS Analytics
Matt Forrest from Carto also had a great talk on the analytics workflows and his take on a modern GIS analytics stack. He had details on using Geoparquet, DuckDB, dbt, and H3. What connects everything, in Matt’s opinion is, SQL. He had some great slides, including this one (bonus points for putting PostGIS at the center of everything):
PostgREST & making PostGIS your modern REST API
PostgREST turns your Postgres database, and PostGIS, into a REST API and it is pretty cool. Krishna has a great technical overview of PostgREST and how to get started with this, including some of the tricks in working with the Swagger API Platform.
We had several really good talks from people working in the field to solve issues with getting people and things where they need to go. We had two speakers in the emergency services sector.
Laure-Hélène Bruneton from CamptoCamp talked about her work at NexSIS emergency operations management in France with her talk “Custom Road Network Contraction for Routing”. She digs into working with a large routing dataset and some tips for reducing size and making it more performant.
Randal Hale came to talk about his work with 911 in rural Tennessee, comparing using just the Geopackage files for 911 to using PostGIS. Without even storing data in a database, Randal is able to work with data, QGIS, and SQL all through a Geopackage file.
Vicky Vergara, the primary developer behind pgRouting came to talk about a special pgRouting project she has been developing for a UN initiative on how close people live to hospitals. She demonstrated how this data is accessible with open source tools and open data and you can see how important something like this would be for a developing nation.
Ford Motor Company’s research and development team presented on using PostGIS and pgRouting in their BlueCruise Hands-Free Highway Driving technology. I love that PostGIS is literally behind the wheel! Brendan Farrell came to talk about “Mapping Where the Data is Not”. This is when you’re dealing with missing pieces of data, denoting that, and using complementary geometry.
Initially released in early 2022, MobilityDB, has been getting more and more attention and hands-on love in 2023 and we ended up with two talks digging into some details. MobilityDB is an extension that is built on top of PostGIS and Postgres and expands the capabilities even more for moving geospatial objects. The main project leader, Prof Esteban Zimanyi, gave a great overview of how this fits in. Following Zimanyi’s talk was Wendell Turner with “Air Traffic Analysis with PostGIS and MobilityDB”. He used airplane, airport, and weather data to do demo research on everyone’s favorite topic, flight delays.
We’re always blessed to have some of the best and brightest come to share their expertise. One great thing about PostGIS day is that it’s kind of a mix of hearing stories, learning about projects and tools with demos of technical skills outside of your day to day life.
I presented a talk on being a “Spatial DBA in a Pinch” as I’ve found lots of folks end up taking care of a database even though they didn’t really set out to do that. This is a basic talk, but if you’re new to PostGIS, there are handy tips about creating roles, looking at queries, and crating basic indexes. Paul added some really great tips on PostGIS performance too, which expand on some of the basics I presented.
Regina Obe always brings the coolest PostGIS examples and this year she did not disappoint her fans. She showed off a bunch of Star Wars graphics with her talk on “PostGIS surprise extensions”. If you want to show your kid some PostgreSQL over the holidays, Regina has all the code ready to go so you can run this yourself.
We had a couple other really great technical deep dives. Benjamin Trigona-Harany talked about processing airplane flight data in “Trajectory Analysis Using PostGIS” (with some tips on getting free airline and flight path data). Crunchy Data’s own Martin Davis discussed some new PostGIS features for handling “Simple polygonal coverages”, including validation, union and simplification (which he calls the “killer app” for coverages).
We got some nice breaks from technical talks to spend time thinking about our role as GIS professionals in this big wide world and what all of it means. Bonnie McClain came to talk to us on how “We are part of the infrastructure, not above it.” Bonnie has been doing amazing things in the GIS world by telling stories, looking at urban data through the lens of both GIS and human geography. Her talk digs into some of the things she uncovered on a recent project where she uses GIS data to build a Global and Healthy Sustainable Cities Indicator.
Brian Timoney talked about “Refactoring the Way We Talk About SQL”. This talk reviews open source software, value, and how we talk about our roles. He also gives an incredible demo of getting data straight from PostGIS through the pg_svg SVG extension and pg_featureserv and then into a spreadsheet.
Brian is a uniquely talented speaker with a love for this line of work that’s rarely communicated into words. His recent talk from FOSS4G NA on “You Can’t Get There From Here Alone” is also worth a mention here; it’s excellent (I had to hold back tears when I saw this in person).
Thanks to everyone who participated this year by speaking, coming to the event, chatting with us, or waiting until the videos are up on YouTube to catch on this year’s PostGIS Day. We had event attendees from more than 54 countries! We’ll be posting a call for papers next September so keep an eye out for that.
by Elizabeth Christensen (Elizabeth.Christensen@crunchydata.com) at December 06, 2023 01:00 PM
We hosted our annual PostGIS day a couple weeks ago with some great talks on a big variety of topics within open-source GIS. Here is a summary of the themes I saw take shape across the day’s events that will point you towards the recordings, depending on your interests. A full playlist of PostGIS Day 2023 is available on our YouTube channel.
If you’ve spent time with developers this year you know that folks love to tell you the details and reasoning behind their tech stack and the GIS community is no different. PostGIS is really the engine behind the modern day open-source GIS installations and several presenters came to talk about their GIS architecture and preferred toolchains, backed by PostGIS.
Paul asked Rhys if the PRAM stack name is flattery or if he’s being trolled. I think you’ll see that Rhys’ talk is almost all flattery. He digs into using PostGIS with the ogr_fdw, pgRouting, PostgREST, Sqitch, and pgTAP for projects in the utilities industry. Rhys’ talk had some of the best screengrabs including this gem.
Modern GIS Analytics
Matt Forrest from Carto also had a great talk on the analytics workflows and his take on a modern GIS analytics stack. He had details on using Geoparquet, DuckDB, dbt, and H3. What connects everything, in Matt’s opinion is, SQL. He had some great slides, including this one (bonus points for putting PostGIS at the center of everything):
PostgREST & making PostGIS your modern REST API
PostgREST turns your Postgres database, and PostGIS, into a REST API and it is pretty cool. Krishna has a great technical overview of PostgREST and how to get started with this, including some of the tricks in working with the Swagger API Platform.
We had several really good talks from people working in the field to solve issues with getting people and things where they need to go. We had two speakers in the emergency services sector.
Laure-Hélène Bruneton from CamptoCamp talked about her work at NexSIS emergency operations management in France with her talk “Custom Road Network Contraction for Routing”. She digs into working with a large routing dataset and some tips for reducing size and making it more performant.
Randal Hale came to talk about his work with 911 in rural Tennessee, comparing using just the Geopackage files for 911 to using PostGIS. Without even storing data in a database, Randal is able to work with data, QGIS, and SQL all through a Geopackage file.
Vicky Vergara, the primary developer behind pgRouting came to talk about a special pgRouting project she has been developing for a UN initiative on how close people live to hospitals. She demonstrated how this data is accessible with open source tools and open data and you can see how important something like this would be for a developing nation.
Ford Motor Company’s research and development team presented on using PostGIS and pgRouting in their BlueCruise Hands-Free Highway Driving technology. I love that PostGIS is literally behind the wheel! Brendan Farrell came to talk about “Mapping Where the Data is Not”. This is when you’re dealing with missing pieces of data, denoting that, and using complementary geometry.
Initially released in early 2022, MobilityDB, has been getting more and more attention and hands-on love in 2023 and we ended up with two talks digging into some details. MobilityDB is an extension that is built on top of PostGIS and Postgres and expands the capabilities even more for moving geospatial objects. The main project leader, Prof Esteban Zimanyi, gave a great overview of how this fits in. Following Zimanyi’s talk was Wendell Turner with “Air Traffic Analysis with PostGIS and MobilityDB”. He used airplane, airport, and weather data to do demo research on everyone’s favorite topic, flight delays.
We’re always blessed to have some of the best and brightest come to share their expertise. One great thing about PostGIS day is that it’s kind of a mix of hearing stories, learning about projects and tools with demos of technical skills outside of your day to day life.
I presented a talk on being a “Spatial DBA in a Pinch” as I’ve found lots of folks end up taking care of a database even though they didn’t really set out to do that. This is a basic talk, but if you’re new to PostGIS, there are handy tips about creating roles, looking at queries, and crating basic indexes. Paul added some really great tips on PostGIS performance too, which expand on some of the basics I presented.
Regina Obe always brings the coolest PostGIS examples and this year she did not disappoint her fans. She showed off a bunch of Star Wars graphics with her talk on “PostGIS surprise extensions”. If you want to show your kid some PostgreSQL over the holidays, Regina has all the code ready to go so you can run this yourself.
We had a couple other really great technical deep dives. Benjamin Trigona-Harany talked about processing airplane flight data in “Trajectory Analysis Using PostGIS” (with some tips on getting free airline and flight path data). Crunchy Data’s own Martin Davis discussed some new PostGIS features for handling “Simple polygonal coverages”, including validation, union and simplification (which he calls the “killer app” for coverages).
We got some nice breaks from technical talks to spend time thinking about our role as GIS professionals in this big wide world and what all of it means. Bonnie McClain came to talk to us on how “We are part of the infrastructure, not above it.” Bonnie has been doing amazing things in the GIS world by telling stories, looking at urban data through the lens of both GIS and human geography. Her talk digs into some of the things she uncovered on a recent project where she uses GIS data to build a Global and Healthy Sustainable Cities Indicator.
Brian Timoney talked about “Refactoring the Way We Talk About SQL”. This talk reviews open source software, value, and how we talk about our roles. He also gives an incredible demo of getting data straight from PostGIS through the pg_svg SVG extension and pg_featureserv and then into a spreadsheet.
Brian is a uniquely talented speaker with a love for this line of work that’s rarely communicated into words. His recent talk from FOSS4G NA on “You Can’t Get There From Here Alone” is also worth a mention here; it’s excellent (I had to hold back tears when I saw this in person).
Thanks to everyone who participated this year by speaking, coming to the event, chatting with us, or waiting until the videos are up on YouTube to catch on this year’s PostGIS Day. We had event attendees from more than 54 countries! We’ll be posting a call for papers next September so keep an eye out for that.
by Elizabeth Christensen (Elizabeth.Christensen@crunchydata.com) at December 06, 2023 01:00 PM
The PostGIS development team is pleased to provide bug fix and performance enhancements 3.4.1, 3.3.5, 3.2.6, 3.1.10, 3.0.10 for the 3.4, 3.3, 3.2, 3.1, 3.0 stable branches.
A user on the postgis-users had an interesting question today: how to generate a geometry column in PostGIS with random points, linestrings, or polygons?
Random data is important for validating processing chains, analyses and reports. The best way to test a process is to feed it inputs!
Random points is pretty easy -- define an area of interest and then use the
PostgreSQL random() function to create
the X and Y values in that area.
CREATE TABLE random_points AS
WITH bounds AS (
SELECT 0 AS origin_x,
0 AS origin_y,
80 AS width,
80 AS height
)
SELECT ST_Point(width * (random() - 0.5) + origin_x,
height * (random() - 0.5) + origin_y,
4326)::Geometry(Point, 4326) AS geom,
id
FROM bounds,
generate_series(0, 100) AS id
Filling a target shape with random points is a common use case, and there's a
special function just for that,
ST_GeneratePoints(). Here
we generate points inside a circle created with
ST_Buffer().
CREATE TABLE random_points AS
SELECT ST_GeneratePoints(
ST_Buffer(
ST_Point(0, 0, 4326),
50),
100) AS geom
If you have PostgreSQL 16, you can use the brand new
random_normal() function to
generate coordinates with a central tendency.
CREATE TABLE random_normal_points AS
WITH bounds AS (
SELECT 0 AS origin_x,
0 AS origin_y,
80 AS width,
80 AS height
)
SELECT ST_Point(random_normal(origin_x, width/4),
random_normal(origin_y, height/4),
4326)::Geometry(Point, 4326) AS geom,
id
FROM bounds,
generate_series(0, 100) AS id
random_normal().
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION random_normal(
mean double precision DEFAULT 0.0,
stddev double precision DEFAULT 1.0)
RETURNS double precision AS
$$
DECLARE
u1 double precision;
u2 double precision;
z0 double precision;
z1 double precision;
BEGIN
u1 := random();
u2 := random();
z0 := sqrt(-2.0 * ln(u1)) * cos(2.0 * pi() * u2);
z1 := sqrt(-2.0 * ln(u1)) * sin(2.0 * pi() * u2);
RETURN mean + (stddev * z0);
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
Linestrings are a little harder, because they involve more points, and aesthetically we like to avoid self-crossings of lines.
Two-point linestrings are pretty easy to generate with
ST_MakeLine() -- just generate
twice as many random points, and use them as the start and end points of the
linestrings.
CREATE TABLE random_2point_lines AS
WITH bounds AS (
SELECT 0 AS origin_x, 80 AS width,
0 AS origin_y, 80 AS height
)
SELECT ST_MakeLine(
ST_Point(random_normal(origin_x, width/4),
random_normal(origin_y, height/4),
4326),
ST_Point(random_normal(origin_x, width/4),
random_normal(origin_y, height/4),
4326))::Geometry(LineString, 4326) AS geom,
id
FROM bounds,
generate_series(0, 100) AS id
Multi-point random linestrings are harder, at least while avoiding self-intersections, and there are a lot of potential approaches. While a recursive CTE could probably do it, an imperative approach using PL/PgSQL is more readable.
The generate_random_linestring() function starts with an empty linestring, and
then adds on new segments one at a time, changing the direction of the line with
each new segment.
generate_random_linestring() definition.
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION generate_random_linestring(
start_point geometry(Point))
RETURNS geometry(LineString, 4326) AS
$$
DECLARE
num_segments integer := 10; -- Number of segments in the linestring
deviation_max float := radians(45); -- Maximum deviation
random_point geometry(Point);
deviation float;
direction float := 2 * pi() * random();
segment_length float := 5; -- Length of each segment (adjust as needed)
i integer;
result geometry(LineString) := 'SRID=4326;LINESTRING EMPTY';
BEGIN
result := ST_AddPoint(result, start_point);
FOR i IN 1..num_segments LOOP
-- Generate a random angle within the specified deviation
deviation := 2 * deviation_max * random() - deviation_max;
direction := direction + deviation;
-- Calculate the coordinates of the next point
random_point := ST_Point(
ST_X(start_point) + cos(direction) * segment_length,
ST_Y(start_point) + sin(direction) * segment_length,
ST_SRID(start_point)
);
-- Add the point to the linestring
result := ST_AddPoint(result, random_point);
-- Update the start point for the next segment
start_point := random_point;
END LOOP;
RETURN result;
END;
$$
LANGUAGE plpgsql;
We can use the generate_random_linestring() function now to turn random start
points (created in the usual way) into fully random squiggly lines!
CREATE TABLE random_lines AS
WITH bounds AS (
SELECT 0 AS origin_x, 80 AS width,
0 AS origin_y, 80 AS height
)
SELECT id,
generate_random_linestring(
ST_Point(random_normal(origin_x, width/4),
random_normal(origin_y, height/4),
4326))::Geometry(LineString, 4326) AS geom
FROM bounds,
generate_series(1, 100) AS id;
At the simplest level, a set of random boxes is a set of random polygons, but
that's pretty boring, and easy to generate using
ST_MakeEnvelope().
CREATE TABLE random_boxes AS
WITH bounds AS (
SELECT 0 AS origin_x, 80 AS width,
0 AS origin_y, 80 AS height
)
SELECT ST_MakeEnvelope(
random_normal(origin_x, width/4),
random_normal(origin_y, height/4),
random_normal(origin_x, width/4),
random_normal(origin_y, height/4)
)::Geometry(Polygon, 4326) AS geom,
id
FROM bounds,
generate_series(0, 20) AS id
But more interesting polygons have curvy and convex shapes, how can we generate those?
One way is to extract a polygon from a set of random points, using
ST_ConcaveHull(), and then
applying an "erode and dilate" effect to make the curves more pleasantly round.
We start with a random center point for each polygon, and create a circle with
ST_Buffer().
Then use
ST_GeneratePoints() to fill
the circle with some random points -- not too many, so we get a nice jagged
result.
Then use ST_ConcaveHull()
to trace a "boundary" around those points.
Then apply a negative buffer, to erode the shape.
And finally a positive buffer to dilate it back out again.
Generating multiple hulls involves stringing together all the above operations with CTEs or subqueries.
CREATE TABLE random_hulls AS
WITH bounds AS (
SELECT 0 AS origin_x,
0 AS origin_y,
80 AS width,
80 AS height
),
polypts AS (
SELECT ST_Point(random_normal(origin_x, width/2),
random_normal(origin_y, width/2),
4326)::Geometry(Point, 4326) AS geom,
polyid
FROM bounds,
generate_series(1,10) AS polyid
),
pts AS (
SELECT ST_GeneratePoints(ST_Buffer(geom, width/5), 20) AS geom,
polyid
FROM bounds,
polypts
)
SELECT ST_Multi(ST_Buffer(
ST_Buffer(
ST_ConcaveHull(geom, 0.3),
-2.0),
3.0))::Geometry(MultiPolygon, 4326) AS geom,
polyid
FROM pts;
Another approach is to again start with random points, but use the Voronoi diagram as the basis of the polygon.
Start with a center point and buffer circle.
Generate random points in the circle.
Use the
ST_VoronoiPolygons()
function to generate polygons that subdivide the space using the random points
as seeds.
Filter just the polygons that are fully contained in the originating circle.
And then use ST_Union() to merge
those polygons into a single output shape.
Generating multiple hulls again involves stringing together the above operations with CTEs or subqueries.
CREATE TABLE random_delaunay_hulls AS
WITH bounds AS (
SELECT 0 AS origin_x,
0 AS origin_y,
80 AS width,
80 AS height
),
polypts AS (
SELECT ST_Point(random_normal(origin_x, width/2),
random_normal(origin_y, width/2),
4326)::Geometry(Point, 4326) AS geom,
polyid
FROM bounds,
generate_series(1,20) AS polyid
),
voronois AS (
SELECT ST_VoronoiPolygons(
ST_GeneratePoints(ST_Buffer(geom, width/5), 10)
) AS geom,
ST_Buffer(geom, width/5) AS geom_clip,
polyid
FROM bounds,
polypts
),
cells AS (
SELECT (ST_Dump(geom)).geom, polyid, geom_clip
FROM voronois
)
SELECT ST_Union(geom)::Geometry(Polygon, 4326) AS geom, polyid
FROM cells
WHERE ST_Contains(geom_clip, geom)
GROUP BY polyid;
by Paul Ramsey (Paul.Ramsey@crunchydata.com) at September 11, 2023 01:00 PM
A user on the postgis-users had an interesting question today: how to generate a geometry column in PostGIS with random points, linestrings, or polygons?
Random data is important for validating processing chains, analyses and reports. The best way to test a process is to feed it inputs!
Random points is pretty easy -- define an area of interest and then use the
PostgreSQL random() function to create
the X and Y values in that area.
CREATE TABLE random_points AS
WITH bounds AS (
SELECT 0 AS origin_x,
0 AS origin_y,
80 AS width,
80 AS height
)
SELECT ST_Point(width * (random() - 0.5) + origin_x,
height * (random() - 0.5) + origin_y,
4326)::Geometry(Point, 4326) AS geom,
id
FROM bounds,
generate_series(0, 100) AS id
Filling a target shape with random points is a common use case, and there's a
special function just for that,
ST_GeneratePoints(). Here
we generate points inside a circle created with
ST_Buffer().
CREATE TABLE random_points AS
SELECT ST_GeneratePoints(
ST_Buffer(
ST_Point(0, 0, 4326),
50),
100) AS geom
If you have PostgreSQL 16, you can use the brand new
random_normal() function to
generate coordinates with a central tendency.
CREATE TABLE random_normal_points AS
WITH bounds AS (
SELECT 0 AS origin_x,
0 AS origin_y,
80 AS width,
80 AS height
)
SELECT ST_Point(random_normal(origin_x, width/4),
random_normal(origin_y, height/4),
4326)::Geometry(Point, 4326) AS geom,
id
FROM bounds,
generate_series(0, 100) AS id
random_normal().
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION random_normal(
mean double precision DEFAULT 0.0,
stddev double precision DEFAULT 1.0)
RETURNS double precision AS
$$
DECLARE
u1 double precision;
u2 double precision;
z0 double precision;
z1 double precision;
BEGIN
u1 := random();
u2 := random();
z0 := sqrt(-2.0 * ln(u1)) * cos(2.0 * pi() * u2);
z1 := sqrt(-2.0 * ln(u1)) * sin(2.0 * pi() * u2);
RETURN mean + (stddev * z0);
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
Linestrings are a little harder, because they involve more points, and aesthetically we like to avoid self-crossings of lines.
Two-point linestrings are pretty easy to generate with
ST_MakeLine() -- just generate
twice as many random points, and use them as the start and end points of the
linestrings.
CREATE TABLE random_2point_lines AS
WITH bounds AS (
SELECT 0 AS origin_x, 80 AS width,
0 AS origin_y, 80 AS height
)
SELECT ST_MakeLine(
ST_Point(random_normal(origin_x, width/4),
random_normal(origin_y, height/4),
4326),
ST_Point(random_normal(origin_x, width/4),
random_normal(origin_y, height/4),
4326))::Geometry(LineString, 4326) AS geom,
id
FROM bounds,
generate_series(0, 100) AS id
Multi-point random linestrings are harder, at least while avoiding self-intersections, and there are a lot of potential approaches. While a recursive CTE could probably do it, an imperative approach using PL/PgSQL is more readable.
The generate_random_linestring() function starts with an empty linestring, and
then adds on new segments one at a time, changing the direction of the line with
each new segment.
generate_random_linestring() definition.
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION generate_random_linestring(
start_point geometry(Point))
RETURNS geometry(LineString, 4326) AS
$$
DECLARE
num_segments integer := 10; -- Number of segments in the linestring
deviation_max float := radians(45); -- Maximum deviation
random_point geometry(Point);
deviation float;
direction float := 2 * pi() * random();
segment_length float := 5; -- Length of each segment (adjust as needed)
i integer;
result geometry(LineString) := 'SRID=4326;LINESTRING EMPTY';
BEGIN
result := ST_AddPoint(result, start_point);
FOR i IN 1..num_segments LOOP
-- Generate a random angle within the specified deviation
deviation := 2 * deviation_max * random() - deviation_max;
direction := direction + deviation;
-- Calculate the coordinates of the next point
random_point := ST_Point(
ST_X(start_point) + cos(direction) * segment_length,
ST_Y(start_point) + sin(direction) * segment_length,
ST_SRID(start_point)
);
-- Add the point to the linestring
result := ST_AddPoint(result, random_point);
-- Update the start point for the next segment
start_point := random_point;
END LOOP;
RETURN result;
END;
$$
LANGUAGE plpgsql;
We can use the generate_random_linestring() function now to turn random start
points (created in the usual way) into fully random squiggly lines!
CREATE TABLE random_lines AS
WITH bounds AS (
SELECT 0 AS origin_x, 80 AS width,
0 AS origin_y, 80 AS height
)
SELECT id,
generate_random_linestring(
ST_Point(random_normal(origin_x, width/4),
random_normal(origin_y, height/4),
4326))::Geometry(LineString, 4326) AS geom
FROM bounds,
generate_series(1, 100) AS id;
At the simplest level, a set of random boxes is a set of random polygons, but
that's pretty boring, and easy to generate using
ST_MakeEnvelope().
CREATE TABLE random_boxes AS
WITH bounds AS (
SELECT 0 AS origin_x, 80 AS width,
0 AS origin_y, 80 AS height
)
SELECT ST_MakeEnvelope(
random_normal(origin_x, width/4),
random_normal(origin_y, height/4),
random_normal(origin_x, width/4),
random_normal(origin_y, height/4)
)::Geometry(Polygon, 4326) AS geom,
id
FROM bounds,
generate_series(0, 20) AS id
But more interesting polygons have curvy and convex shapes, how can we generate those?
One way is to extract a polygon from a set of random points, using
ST_ConcaveHull(), and then
applying an "erode and dilate" effect to make the curves more pleasantly round.
We start with a random center point for each polygon, and create a circle with
ST_Buffer().
Then use
ST_GeneratePoints() to fill
the circle with some random points -- not too many, so we get a nice jagged
result.
Then use ST_ConcaveHull()
to trace a "boundary" around those points.
Then apply a negative buffer, to erode the shape.
And finally a positive buffer to dilate it back out again.
Generating multiple hulls involves stringing together all the above operations with CTEs or subqueries.
CREATE TABLE random_hulls AS
WITH bounds AS (
SELECT 0 AS origin_x,
0 AS origin_y,
80 AS width,
80 AS height
),
polypts AS (
SELECT ST_Point(random_normal(origin_x, width/2),
random_normal(origin_y, width/2),
4326)::Geometry(Point, 4326) AS geom,
polyid
FROM bounds,
generate_series(1,10) AS polyid
),
pts AS (
SELECT ST_GeneratePoints(ST_Buffer(geom, width/5), 20) AS geom,
polyid
FROM bounds,
polypts
)
SELECT ST_Multi(ST_Buffer(
ST_Buffer(
ST_ConcaveHull(geom, 0.3),
-2.0),
3.0))::Geometry(MultiPolygon, 4326) AS geom,
polyid
FROM pts;
Another approach is to again start with random points, but use the Voronoi diagram as the basis of the polygon.
Start with a center point and buffer circle.
Generate random points in the circle.
Use the
ST_VoronoiPolygons()
function to generate polygons that subdivide the space using the random points
as seeds.
Filter just the polygons that are fully contained in the originating circle.
And then use ST_Union() to merge
those polygons into a single output shape.
Generating multiple hulls again involves stringing together the above operations with CTEs or subqueries.
CREATE TABLE random_delaunay_hulls AS
WITH bounds AS (
SELECT 0 AS origin_x,
0 AS origin_y,
80 AS width,
80 AS height
),
polypts AS (
SELECT ST_Point(random_normal(origin_x, width/2),
random_normal(origin_y, width/2),
4326)::Geometry(Point, 4326) AS geom,
polyid
FROM bounds,
generate_series(1,20) AS polyid
),
voronois AS (
SELECT ST_VoronoiPolygons(
ST_GeneratePoints(ST_Buffer(geom, width/5), 10)
) AS geom,
ST_Buffer(geom, width/5) AS geom_clip,
polyid
FROM bounds,
polypts
),
cells AS (
SELECT (ST_Dump(geom)).geom, polyid, geom_clip
FROM voronois
)
SELECT ST_Union(geom)::Geometry(Polygon, 4326) AS geom, polyid
FROM cells
WHERE ST_Contains(geom_clip, geom)
GROUP BY polyid;
by Paul Ramsey (Paul.Ramsey@crunchydata.com) at September 11, 2023 01:00 PM
Paul Ramsey and I recently had a Fireside chat with Path to Cituscon. Checkout the Podcast Why People care about PostGIS and Postgres. There were a surprising number of funny moments and very insightful stuff.
It was a great fireside chat but without the fireplace. We covered the birth and progression of PostGIS for the past 20 years and the trajectory with PostgreSQL. We also learned of Paul's plans to revolutionize PostGIS which was new to me. We covered many other side-line topics, like QGIS whose birth was inspired by PostGIS. We covered pgRouting and mobilitydb which are two other PostgreSQL extension projects that extend PostGIS.
We also managed to fall into the Large Language Model conversation of which Paul and I are on different sides of the fence on.
Continue reading "Why People care about PostGIS and Postgres and FOSS4GNA"by Regina Obe (nospam@example.com) at September 10, 2023 03:22 AM
The PostGIS Team is pleased to release PostGIS 3.4.0! This version works with versions PostgreSQL 12-16, GEOS 3.6 or higher, and Proj 6.1+. To take advantage of all features, GEOS 3.12+ is needed. To take advantage of all SFCGAL features, SFCGAL 1.4.1+ is needed.
This release is a major release, it includes bug fixes since PostGIS 3.3.4 and new features.
The PostGIS Team is pleased to release PostGIS 3.4.0rc1! Best Served with PostgreSQL 16 Beta2 and GEOS 3.12.0.
This version requires PostgreSQL 12 or higher, GEOS 3.6 or higher, and Proj 6.1+. To take advantage of all features, GEOS 3.12+ is needed. To take advantage of all SFCGAL features, SFCGAL 1.4.1+ is needed.
This release is a release candidate of a major release, it includes bug fixes since PostGIS 3.3.4 and new features.
The PostGIS Team is pleased to release PostGIS 3.4.0beta2! Best Served with PostgreSQL 16 Beta2 and GEOS 3.12.0.
This version requires PostgreSQL 12 or higher, GEOS 3.6 or higher, and Proj 6.1+. To take advantage of all features, GEOS 3.12+ is needed. To take advantage of all SFCGAL features, SFCGAL 1.4.1+ is needed.
This release is a beta of a major release, it includes bug fixes since PostGIS 3.3.4 and new features.
The PostGIS development team is pleased to announce bug fix release 3.3.4, mostly focused on Topology fixes.
The PostGIS Team is pleased to release PostGIS 3.4.0beta1! Best Served with PostgreSQL 16 Beta2 and GEOS 3.12.0.
This version requires PostgreSQL 12 or higher, GEOS 3.6 or higher, and Proj 6.1+. To take advantage of all features, GEOS 3.12+ is needed. To take advantage of all SFCGAL features, SFCGAL 1.4.1+ is needed.
This release is a beta of a major release, it includes bug fixes since PostGIS 3.3.3 and new features.
Last month I got to record a couple podcast episodes with the MapScaping Podcast’s Daniel O’Donohue. One of them was on the benefits and many pitfalls of putting rasters into a relational database, and the other was about real-time events and pushing data change information out to web clients!
TL;DR: geospatial data tends to be more “visible” to end user clients, so communicating change to multiple clients in real time can be useful for “common operating” situations.
I also recorded a presentation about pg_eventserv for PostGIS Day 2022.
I recently released PostGIS 3.3.3. bundle for Windows which is available on application stackbuilder and OSGeo download site for PostgreSQL 11 - 15. If you are running PostgreSQL 12 or above, you get an additional bonus extension MobilityDB which is an extension that leverages PostGIS geometry and geography types and introduces several more spatial-temporal types and functions specifically targeted for managing objects in motion.
What kind of management, think of getting the average speed a train is moving at a segment in time or collisions in time, without any long SQL code. Just use a function on the trip path, and viola. Think about storing GPS data very compactly in a singe row /column with time and being able to ask very complex questions with very little SQL. True PostGIS can do some of this using geometry with Measure (geometryM) geometry types, but you have to deal with that craziness of converting M back to timestamps, which mobilitydb temporal types automatically encode as true PostgreSQL timestamp types.
Anita Graser, of QGIS and Moving Pandas fame, has written several posts about it such as: Visualizing Trajectories with QGIS and mobilitydb and Detecting close encounters using MobilityDB 1.0.
Continue reading "PostGIS Bundle 3.3.3 for Windows with MobilityDB"by Regina Obe (nospam@example.com) at June 03, 2023 12:34 AM
PostGIS excels at storing, manipulating and analyzing geospatial data. At some point it's usually desired to convert raw spatial data into a two-dimensional representation to utilize the integrative capabilities of the human visual cortex. In other words, to see things on a map.
PostGIS is a popular backend for mapping technology, so there are many options
to choose from to create maps. Data can be rendered to a raster image using a
web map server like GeoServer or
MapServer; it can be converted to GeoJSON or vector
tiles via servers such as
pg_featureserv and
pg_tileserv and then shipped to
a Web browser for rendering by a library such as
OpenLayers, MapLibre or
Leaflet; or a GIS application such as
QGIS can connect to the database and create richly-styled
maps from spatial queries.
What these options have in common is that they require external tools which need to be installed, configured and maintained in a separate environment. This can introduce unwanted complexity to a geospatial architecture.
This post presents a simple way to generate maps entirely within the database, with no external infrastructure required.
A great way to display vector data is to use the Scalable Vector Graphic (SVG) format. It provides rich functionality for displaying and styling geometric shapes. SVG is widely supported by web browsers and other tools.
By including CSS and Javascript it's possible to add advanced styling, custom popups, dynamic behaviour and interaction with other web page elements.
pg-svgGenerating SVG "by hand" is difficult. It requires detailed knowledge of the
SVG specification, and constructing a complex
text format in SQL is highly error-prone. While PostGIS has had the function
ST_AsSVG for years, it
only produces the SVG
path data attribute
value. Much more is required to create a fully-styled SVG document.
The PL/pgSQL library pg-svg solves this
problem! It makes it easy to convert PostGIS data into styled SVG documents. The
library provides a simple API as a set of PL/pgSQL functions which allow
creating an SVG document in a single SQL query. Best of all, this installs with
a set of functions, nothing else required!
The best way to understand how pg-svg works is to see an example. We'll create
an SVG map of the United States showing the highest point in each state. The map
has the following features:
The resulting map looks like this (to see tooltips open the raw image):
The SQL query to generate the map is
here.
It can be downloaded and run using psql:
psql -A -t -o us-highpt.svg < us-highpt-svg.sql
The SVG output us-highpt.svg can be viewed in any web browser.
Let's break the query down to see how the data is prepared and then rendered to
SVG. A dataset of US states in geodetic coordinate system (WGS84, SRID = 4326)
is required. We used the Natural Earth states and provinces data available
here.
It is loaded into a table ne.admin_1_state_prov with the following command:
shp2pgsql -c -D -s 4326 -i -I ne_10m_admin_1_states_provinces.shp ne.admin_1_state_prov | psql
The query uses the SQL WITH construct to organize processing into simple,
modular steps. We'll describe each one in turn.
First, the US state features are selected from the Natural Earth boundaries
table ne.admin_1_state_prov.
us_state AS (SELECT name, abbrev, postal, geom
FROM ne.admin_1_state_prov
WHERE adm0_a3 = 'USA')
Next, the map is made more compact by realigning the far-flung states of Alaska
and Hawaii.
This is done using PostGIS
affine transformation functions.
The states are made more proportionate using
ST_Scale, and moved
closer to the lower 48 using
ST_Translate. The
scaling is done around the location of the state high point, to make it easy to
apply the same transformation to the high point feature.
,us_map AS (SELECT name, abbrev, postal,
-- transform AK and HI to make them fit map
CASE WHEN name = 'Alaska' THEN
ST_Translate(ST_Scale(
ST_Intersection( ST_GeometryN(geom,1), 'SRID=4326;POLYGON ((-141 80, -141 50, -170 50, -170 80, -141 80))'),
'POINT(0.5 0.75)', 'POINT(-151.007222 63.069444)'::geometry), 18, -17)
WHEN name = 'Hawaii' THEN
ST_Translate(ST_Scale(
ST_Intersection(geom, 'SRID=4326;POLYGON ((-161 23, -154 23, -154 18, -161 18, -161 23))'),
'POINT(3 3)', 'POINT(-155.468333 19.821028)'::geometry), 32, 10)
ELSE geom END AS geom
FROM us_state)
Data for the highest point in each state is provided as an inline table of values:
,high_pt(name, state, hgt_m, hgt_ft, lon, lat) AS (VALUES
('Denali', 'AK', 6198, 20320, -151.007222,63.069444)
,('Mount Whitney', 'CA', 4421, 14505, -118.292,36.578583)
...
,('Britton Hill', 'FL', 105, 345, -86.281944,30.988333)
)
The next query does several things:
lon and lat location for Alaska and Hawaii high points to
match the transformation applied to the state geometrysymHeight attribute for the height of the high point triangle
symbolORDER BY to sort the high points by latitude, so that their symbols
overlap correctly when rendered,highpt_shape AS (SELECT name, state, hgt_ft,
-- translate high points to match shifted states
CASE WHEN state = 'AK' THEN lon + 18
WHEN state = 'HI' THEN lon + 32
ELSE lon END AS lon,
CASE WHEN state = 'AK' THEN lat - 17
WHEN state = 'HI' THEN lat + 10
ELSE lat END AS lat,
(2.0 * hgt_ft) / 15000.0 + 0.5 AS symHeight,
CASE WHEN hgt_ft > 14000 THEN '#ffffff'
WHEN hgt_ft > 7000 THEN '#aaaaaa'
WHEN hgt_ft > 5000 THEN '#ff8800'
WHEN hgt_ft > 2000 THEN '#ffff44'
WHEN hgt_ft > 1000 THEN '#aaffaa'
ELSE '#558800'
END AS clr
FROM high_pt ORDER BY lat DESC)
The previous queries transformed the raw data into a form suitable for
rendering.
Now we get to see pg-svg in action! The next query generates the SVG text for
each output image element, as separate records in a result set called shapes.
The SVG elements are generated in the order in which they are drawn - states and labels first, with high-point symbols on top. Let's break it down:
The first subquery produces SVG shapes from the state geometries. The
svgShape function produces an SVG
shape element for any PostGIS geometry. It also provides optional parameters
supporting other capabilities of SVG. Here title specifies that the state name
is displayed as a tooltip, and style specifies the styling of the shape.
Styling in SVG can be provided using properties defined in the
Cascaded Style Sheets (CSS)
specification. pg-svg provides the
svgStyle function to make it easy
to specify the names and values of CSS styling properties.
Note that the fill property value is a URL instead of a color specifier. This
refers to an SVG gradient fill which is defined later.
The state geometry is also included in the subquery result set, for reasons which will be discussed below.
,shapes AS (
-- State shapes
SELECT geom, svgShape( geom,
title => name,
style => svgStyle( 'stroke', '#ffffff',
'stroke-width', 0.1::text,
'fill', 'url(#state)',
'stroke-linejoin', 'round' ) )
svg FROM us_map
Labels for state abbreviations are positioned at the point produced by the
ST_PointOnSurface function. (Alternatively, ST_MaximumInscribedCircle could
be used.) The SVG is generated by the
svgText function, using the
specified styling.
UNION ALL
-- State names
SELECT NULL, svgText( ST_PointOnSurface( geom ), abbrev,
style => svgStyle( 'fill', '#6666ff', 'text-anchor', 'middle', 'font', '0.8px sans-serif' ) )
svg FROM us_map
The high point features are displayed as triangular symbols. We use the
convenient svgPolygon function
with a simple array of ordinates specifying a triangle based at the high point
location, with height given by the previously computed svgHeight column. The
title is provided for a tooltip, and the styling uses the computed clr
attribute as the fill.
UNION ALL
-- High point triangles
SELECT NULL, svgPolygon( ARRAY[ lon-0.5, -lat, lon+0.5, -lat, lon, -lat-symHeight ],
title => name || ' ' || state || ' - ' || hgt_ft || ' ft',
style => svgStyle( 'stroke', '#000000',
'stroke-width', 0.1::text,
'fill', clr ) )
svg FROM highpt_shape
)
The generated shape elements need to be wrapped in an <svg> document element.
This is handled by the svgDoc
function.
The viewable extent of the SVG data needs to be provided by the viewbox
parameter. The most common case is to display all of the rendered data. An easy
way to determine this is to apply the PostGIS ST_Exrtent aggregate function to
the input data (this is why we included the geom column as well as the svg
text column). We can include a border by enlarging the extent using the
ST_Expand function. The function
svgViewBox converts the PostGIS
geometry for the extent into SVG format.
We also include a definition for an SVG linear gradient to be used as the fill style for the state features.
SELECT svgDoc( array_agg( svg ),
viewbox => svgViewbox( ST_Expand( ST_Extent(geom), 2)),
def => svgLinearGradient('state', '#8080ff', '#c0c0ff')
) AS svg FROM shapes;
The output from svgDoc is a text value which can be used anywhere that SVG
is supported.
We've shown how the pg-svg SQL function library lets you easily generate map
images from PostGIS data right in the database. This can be used as a simple
ad-hoc way of visualizing spatial data. Or, it could be embedded in a larger
system to automate repetitive map generation workflows.
Although SVG is a natural fit for vector data, there may be situations where
producing a map as a bitmap (raster) image makes sense.
For a way of generating raster maps right in the database see this PostGIS Day
2022 presentation. This would be
especially appealing where the map is displaying data stored using
PostGIS raster data.
It would also be possible to combine vector and raster data into a hybrid
SVG/image output.
Although we've focussed on creating maps of geospatial data, SVG is often used
for creating other kinds of graphics. For examples of using it to create
geometric and mathematical designs see the pg-svg
demo folder. Here's an
image of a Lissajous knot generated by
this SQL.
You could even use pg-svg to generate charts of non-spatial data (although
this would be better handled by a more task-specific API).
Let us know if you find pg-svg useful, or if you have ideas for improving it!
by Martin Davis (Martin.Davis@crunchydata.com) at May 30, 2023 01:00 PM
PostGIS excels at storing, manipulating and analyzing geospatial data. At some point it's usually desired to convert raw spatial data into a two-dimensional representation to utilize the integrative capabilities of the human visual cortex. In other words, to see things on a map.
PostGIS is a popular backend for mapping technology, so there are many options
to choose from to create maps. Data can be rendered to a raster image using a
web map server like GeoServer or
MapServer; it can be converted to GeoJSON or vector
tiles via servers such as
pg_featureserv and
pg_tileserv and then shipped to
a Web browser for rendering by a library such as
OpenLayers, MapLibre or
Leaflet; or a GIS application such as
QGIS can connect to the database and create richly-styled
maps from spatial queries.
What these options have in common is that they require external tools which need to be installed, configured and maintained in a separate environment. This can introduce unwanted complexity to a geospatial architecture.
This post presents a simple way to generate maps entirely within the database, with no external infrastructure required.
A great way to display vector data is to use the Scalable Vector Graphic (SVG) format. It provides rich functionality for displaying and styling geometric shapes. SVG is widely supported by web browsers and other tools.
By including CSS and Javascript it's possible to add advanced styling, custom popups, dynamic behaviour and interaction with other web page elements.
pg-svgGenerating SVG "by hand" is difficult. It requires detailed knowledge of the
SVG specification, and constructing a complex
text format in SQL is highly error-prone. While PostGIS has had the function
ST_AsSVG for years, it
only produces the SVG
path data attribute
value. Much more is required to create a fully-styled SVG document.
The PL/pgSQL library pg-svg solves this
problem! It makes it easy to convert PostGIS data into styled SVG documents. The
library provides a simple API as a set of PL/pgSQL functions which allow
creating an SVG document in a single SQL query. Best of all, this installs with
a set of functions, nothing else required!
The best way to understand how pg-svg works is to see an example. We'll create
an SVG map of the United States showing the highest point in each state. The map
has the following features:
The resulting map looks like this (to see tooltips open the raw image):
The SQL query to generate the map is
here.
It can be downloaded and run using psql:
psql -A -t -o us-highpt.svg < us-highpt-svg.sql
The SVG output us-highpt.svg can be viewed in any web browser.
Let's break the query down to see how the data is prepared and then rendered to
SVG. A dataset of US states in geodetic coordinate system (WGS84, SRID = 4326)
is required. We used the Natural Earth states and provinces data available
here.
It is loaded into a table ne.admin_1_state_prov with the following command:
shp2pgsql -c -D -s 4326 -i -I ne_10m_admin_1_states_provinces.shp ne.admin_1_state_prov | psql
The query uses the SQL WITH construct to organize processing into simple,
modular steps. We'll describe each one in turn.
First, the US state features are selected from the Natural Earth boundaries
table ne.admin_1_state_prov.
us_state AS (SELECT name, abbrev, postal, geom
FROM ne.admin_1_state_prov
WHERE adm0_a3 = 'USA')
Next, the map is made more compact by realigning the far-flung states of Alaska
and Hawaii.
This is done using PostGIS
affine transformation functions.
The states are made more proportionate using
ST_Scale, and moved
closer to the lower 48 using
ST_Translate. The
scaling is done around the location of the state high point, to make it easy to
apply the same transformation to the high point feature.
,us_map AS (SELECT name, abbrev, postal,
-- transform AK and HI to make them fit map
CASE WHEN name = 'Alaska' THEN
ST_Translate(ST_Scale(
ST_Intersection( ST_GeometryN(geom,1), 'SRID=4326;POLYGON ((-141 80, -141 50, -170 50, -170 80, -141 80))'),
'POINT(0.5 0.75)', 'POINT(-151.007222 63.069444)'::geometry), 18, -17)
WHEN name = 'Hawaii' THEN
ST_Translate(ST_Scale(
ST_Intersection(geom, 'SRID=4326;POLYGON ((-161 23, -154 23, -154 18, -161 18, -161 23))'),
'POINT(3 3)', 'POINT(-155.468333 19.821028)'::geometry), 32, 10)
ELSE geom END AS geom
FROM us_state)
Data for the highest point in each state is provided as an inline table of values:
,high_pt(name, state, hgt_m, hgt_ft, lon, lat) AS (VALUES
('Denali', 'AK', 6198, 20320, -151.007222,63.069444)
,('Mount Whitney', 'CA', 4421, 14505, -118.292,36.578583)
...
,('Britton Hill', 'FL', 105, 345, -86.281944,30.988333)
)
The next query does several things:
lon and lat location for Alaska and Hawaii high points to
match the transformation applied to the state geometrysymHeight attribute for the height of the high point triangle
symbolORDER BY to sort the high points by latitude, so that their symbols
overlap correctly when rendered,highpt_shape AS (SELECT name, state, hgt_ft,
-- translate high points to match shifted states
CASE WHEN state = 'AK' THEN lon + 18
WHEN state = 'HI' THEN lon + 32
ELSE lon END AS lon,
CASE WHEN state = 'AK' THEN lat - 17
WHEN state = 'HI' THEN lat + 10
ELSE lat END AS lat,
(2.0 * hgt_ft) / 15000.0 + 0.5 AS symHeight,
CASE WHEN hgt_ft > 14000 THEN '#ffffff'
WHEN hgt_ft > 7000 THEN '#aaaaaa'
WHEN hgt_ft > 5000 THEN '#ff8800'
WHEN hgt_ft > 2000 THEN '#ffff44'
WHEN hgt_ft > 1000 THEN '#aaffaa'
ELSE '#558800'
END AS clr
FROM high_pt ORDER BY lat DESC)
The previous queries transformed the raw data into a form suitable for
rendering.
Now we get to see pg-svg in action! The next query generates the SVG text for
each output image element, as separate records in a result set called shapes.
The SVG elements are generated in the order in which they are drawn - states and labels first, with high-point symbols on top. Let's break it down:
The first subquery produces SVG shapes from the state geometries. The
svgShape function produces an SVG
shape element for any PostGIS geometry. It also provides optional parameters
supporting other capabilities of SVG. Here title specifies that the state name
is displayed as a tooltip, and style specifies the styling of the shape.
Styling in SVG can be provided using properties defined in the
Cascaded Style Sheets (CSS)
specification. pg-svg provides the
svgStyle function to make it easy
to specify the names and values of CSS styling properties.
Note that the fill property value is a URL instead of a color specifier. This
refers to an SVG gradient fill which is defined later.
The state geometry is also included in the subquery result set, for reasons which will be discussed below.
,shapes AS (
-- State shapes
SELECT geom, svgShape( geom,
title => name,
style => svgStyle( 'stroke', '#ffffff',
'stroke-width', 0.1::text,
'fill', 'url(#state)',
'stroke-linejoin', 'round' ) )
svg FROM us_map
Labels for state abbreviations are positioned at the point produced by the
ST_PointOnSurface function. (Alternatively, ST_MaximumInscribedCircle could
be used.) The SVG is generated by the
svgText function, using the
specified styling.
UNION ALL
-- State names
SELECT NULL, svgText( ST_PointOnSurface( geom ), abbrev,
style => svgStyle( 'fill', '#6666ff', 'text-anchor', 'middle', 'font', '0.8px sans-serif' ) )
svg FROM us_map
The high point features are displayed as triangular symbols. We use the
convenient svgPolygon function
with a simple array of ordinates specifying a triangle based at the high point
location, with height given by the previously computed svgHeight column. The
title is provided for a tooltip, and the styling uses the computed clr
attribute as the fill.
UNION ALL
-- High point triangles
SELECT NULL, svgPolygon( ARRAY[ lon-0.5, -lat, lon+0.5, -lat, lon, -lat-symHeight ],
title => name || ' ' || state || ' - ' || hgt_ft || ' ft',
style => svgStyle( 'stroke', '#000000',
'stroke-width', 0.1::text,
'fill', clr ) )
svg FROM highpt_shape
)
The generated shape elements need to be wrapped in an <svg> document element.
This is handled by the svgDoc
function.
The viewable extent of the SVG data needs to be provided by the viewbox
parameter. The most common case is to display all of the rendered data. An easy
way to determine this is to apply the PostGIS ST_Exrtent aggregate function to
the input data (this is why we included the geom column as well as the svg
text column). We can include a border by enlarging the extent using the
ST_Expand function. The function
svgViewBox converts the PostGIS
geometry for the extent into SVG format.
We also include a definition for an SVG linear gradient to be used as the fill style for the state features.
SELECT svgDoc( array_agg( svg ),
viewbox => svgViewbox( ST_Expand( ST_Extent(geom), 2)),
def => svgLinearGradient('state', '#8080ff', '#c0c0ff')
) AS svg FROM shapes;
The output from svgDoc is a text value which can be used anywhere that SVG
is supported.
We've shown how the pg-svg SQL function library lets you easily generate map
images from PostGIS data right in the database. This can be used as a simple
ad-hoc way of visualizing spatial data. Or, it could be embedded in a larger
system to automate repetitive map generation workflows.
Although SVG is a natural fit for vector data, there may be situations where
producing a map as a bitmap (raster) image makes sense.
For a way of generating raster maps right in the database see this PostGIS Day
2022 presentation. This would be
especially appealing where the map is displaying data stored using
PostGIS raster data.
It would also be possible to combine vector and raster data into a hybrid
SVG/image output.
Although we've focussed on creating maps of geospatial data, SVG is often used
for creating other kinds of graphics. For examples of using it to create
geometric and mathematical designs see the pg-svg
demo folder. Here's an
image of a Lissajous knot generated by
this SQL.
You could even use pg-svg to generate charts of non-spatial data (although
this would be better handled by a more task-specific API).
Let us know if you find pg-svg useful, or if you have ideas for improving it!
by Martin Davis (Martin.Davis@crunchydata.com) at May 30, 2023 01:00 PM
The PostGIS development team is pleased to provide bug fixes and performance enhancements 3.3.3, 3.2.5, 3.1.9 and 3.0.9 for the 3.3, 3.2, 3.1, and 3.0 stable branches.
Last month I was invited to give a keynote talk at the CUGOS Spring Fling, a delightful gathering of “Cascadia Users of Open Source GIS” in Seattle. I have been speaking about open source economics at FOSS4G conferences more-or-less every two years, since 2009, and took this opportunity to somewhat revisit the topics of my 2019 FOSS4GNA keynote.
If you liked the video and want to use the materials, the slides are available here under CC BY.
Last month I got to record a couple podcast episodes with the MapScaping Podcast’s Daniel O’Donohue. One of them was on the benefits and many pitfalls of putting rasters into a relational database, and it is online now!
TL;DR: most people think “put it in a database” is a magic recipe for: faster performance, infinite scalability, and easy management.
Where the database is replacing a pile of CSV files, this is probably true.
Where the database is replacing a collection of GeoTIFF imagery files, it is probably false. Raster in the database will be slower, will take up more space, and be very annoying to manage.
So why do it? Start with a default, “don’t!”, and then evaluate from there.
For some non-visual raster data, and use cases that involve enriching vectors from raster sources, having the raster co-located with the vectors in the database can make working with it more convenient. It will still be slower than direct access, and it will still be painful to manage, but it allows use of SQL as a query language, which can give you a lot more flexibility to explore the solution space than a purpose built data access script might.
There’s some other interesting tweaks around storing the actual raster data outside the database and querying it from within, that I think are the future of “raster in (not really in) the database”, listen to the episode to learn more!
Geocoding is the process of taking addresses or location information and getting the coordinates for that location. Anytime you route a new location or look up a zip code, the back end is geocoding the location and then using the geocode inside other PostGIS functions to give you the routes, locations, and other data you asked for.
PostGIS comes equipped with an easy way to use the US Census data with the Tiger geocoder. Using the Tiger geocoder requires downloading large amounts of census data and in space-limited databases, this may not be ideal. Using a geocoding web API service can be a space saving solution in these cases.
I am going to show you how to set up a really quick function using plpython3u
to hit a web service geocoder every time that we get a new row in the database.
The plpython3u extension comes with Crunchy Bridge or you can add it to your database. To get started run the following:
CREATE EXTENSION plpython3u;
In this example, I'll use the US census geocoding API as our web service, and build a function to geocode addresses based on that.
The function puts together parameters to hit the census geocoding API and then parses the resulting object, and returns a geometry:
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION geocode(address text)
RETURNS geometry
AS $$
import requests
try:
payload = {'address' : address , 'benchmark' : 2020, 'format' : 'json'}
base_geocode = 'https://geocoding.geo.census.gov/geocoder/locations/onelineaddress'
r = requests.get(base_geocode, params = payload)
coords = r.json()['result']['addressMatches'][0]['coordinates']
lon = coords['x']
lat = coords['y']
geom = f'SRID=4326;POINT({lon} {lat})'
except Exception as e:
plpy.notice(f'address failed: {address}')
plpy.notice(f'error: {e.message}')
geom = None
return geom
$$
LANGUAGE 'plpython3u';
Using this function to geocode Crunchy Data's headquarters:
SELECT ST_AsText(geocode('162 Seven Farms Drive Charleston, SC 29492'));
But what if we want to automatically run this every time an address is inserted into a table? Let's say we have a table with a field ID, an address, and a point that we want to auto-populate on inserts.
CREATE TABLE addresses (
fid SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
address VARCHAR,
geom GEOMETRY(POINT, 4326)
);
We can make use of a Postgres trigger to add the geocode before every insert! Triggers are a very powerful way to leverage built in functions to automatically transform your data as it enters the database, and this particular case is a great demo for them!
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION add_geocode()
RETURNS trigger AS
$$
DECLARE
loc geometry;
BEGIN
loc := geocode(NEW.address);
NEW.geom = loc;
RETURN NEW;
END;
$$
LANGUAGE plpgsql;
CREATE TRIGGER update_geocode BEFORE INSERT ON addresses
FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE FUNCTION add_geocode();
Now when running an insert, the value is automatically geocoded!
INSERT INTO addresses(address) VALUES ('415 Mission St, San Francisco, CA 94105');
postgres=# SELECT fid, address, ST_AsText(geom) FROM addresses;
fid | address | geom
-----+-----------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------
1 | 415 Mission St, San Francisco, CA 94105 | 0101000020E610000097CD0E2B66995EC0BB004B2729E54240
If you’re space limited, using a web API based geocoder might be the way to go. Using a geocoder function with triggers on new row inserts will get you geocoded addresses in a snap.
by Jacob Coblentz (Jacob.Coblentz@crunchydata.com) at March 02, 2023 04:00 PM
In geospatial terminology, a "raster" is a cover of an area divided into a uniform gridding, with one or more values assigned to each grid cell.
A "raster" in which the values are associated with red, green and blue bands might be a visual image. The rasters that come off the Landsat 7 earth observation satellite have eight bands: red, green, blue, near infrared, shortwave infrared, thermal, mid-infrared and panchromatic.
Working with raster data via SQL is a little counter-intuitive: rasters don't neatly fit the relational model the way vector geometries do. A table of parcels where one column is the geometry and the others are the owner name, address, and tax roll id makes sense. How should a raster fit into a table? As a row for every pixel? For every scan row? What other values should be associated with each row?
There is no clean relationship between "real world objects" and the database representation of a raster, because a raster has nothing to say about objects, it is just a collection of measurements.
We can squeeze rasters into the database, but doing so makes working with the data more complex. Before loading data, we need to enable PostGIS and the raster module.
CREATE EXTENSION postgis;
CREATE EXTENSION postgis_raster;
For this example, we will load raster data for a "digital elevation model" (DEM), a raster with just one band, the elevation at each pixel.
Using the SRTM Tile Grabber I downloaded one tile of
old SRTM data. Then using the gdalinfo
utility, read out the metadata about the file.
wget https://srtm.csi.cgiar.org/wp-content/uploads/files/srtm_5x5/TIFF/srtm_12_03.zip
unzip srtm_12_03.zip
gdalinfo srtm_12_03.tif
The metadata tells me two useful things for loading the data:
Int16, so two bytes per pixel.Knowing that, I can build a raster2pgsql call to load the data into a raster
table.
raster2pgsql \
-I \ # create a spatial index on the column
-s 4326 \ # use 4326 (WGS 84) as the spatial reference for the raster
-t 32x32 \ # tile the raster into 32 by 32 pixel tiles
srtm_12_03.tif | \ # name of the raster
psql dem # target database connection
Once loaded the raster table looks like this on a map.
And it looks like this in the database.
Table "public.srtm_12_03"
Column | Type
--------+---------
rid | integer
rast | raster
Indexes:
"srtm_12_03_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (rid)
"srtm_12_03_st_convexhull_idx" gist (st_convexhull(rast))
It's a pretty boring table! Just a bunch of binary raster tiles and a unique key for each.
-- 29768 rows
SELECT Count(*) FROM srtm_12_03;
Those binary raster tiles aren't just opaque blobs though, we can look inside them with the right functions. Here we get a summary of all the raster tiles in the table.
SELECT (ST_SummaryStatsAgg(rast, 1, true)).* FROM srtm_12_03;
count | 28966088
sum | 20431360140
mean | 705.3544869434907
stddev | 561.252765463607
min | -291
max | 4371
Remember when we loaded the data with raster2pgsql we specified a "tile size"
of 32 by 32 pixels? This has a number of implications.
Int16 data like our DEM will take up 2048
bytes. This is small enough to fit in the database
page size,
which means the data will not end up stored in a side table by the
TOAST subsystem
that handles large row values.raster2pgsql does not generate tiles when the contents are all "no data"
pixels (as the DEM data is over the ocean).The loaded data looks like this.
Notice how small each tile is. As a general rule, when working with raster data queries,
Finding tiles efficiently means using spatial index, and the spatial index definition as we saw above is this:
"srtm_12_03_st_convexhull_idx" gist (st_convexhull(rast))
This is a
functional index,
which means in order to access it, we need to copy the functional part:
st_convechull(rast) when forming our query.
The ST_ConvexHull(raster) converts a raster tile into a polygon defining the boundary of the tile. When querying raster tables, you will use this function a great deal to convert rasters into polygons suitable for querying a spatial index.
The simplest raster query is to take a point, and find the value of the raster under that point.
Here is a point table with one point in it:
CREATE TABLE mappoint AS
SELECT ST_Point(-123.7273, 47.8467, 4326)::geometry(Point, 4326) AS geom,
1 AS fid;
The nice thing about points is that they only hit one tile at a time. So we don't have to think too hard about what to do with our tile sets.
SELECT ST_Value(srtm.rast, pt.geom)
FROM srtm_12_03 srtm
JOIN mappoint pt
ON ST_Intersects(pt.geom, ST_ConvexHull(srtm.rast))
st_value
----------
1627
Here we use the ST_ConvexHull(raster) function to get access to our spatial index on the raster table, and the ST_Intersects(geom, geom) function to test the condition.
The ST_Value(raster, geom) function reads the pixel value from the raster at the location of the point.
Summarizing rasters under polygons is more involved than reading point values, because polygons will frequently overlap multiple tiles, so you have to think in terms of "sets of raster tiles" instead of "the raster" when building your query.
The final complete query looks like this.
WITH clipped_tiles AS (
SELECT ST_Clip(srtm.rast, ply.geom) AS rast, srtm.rid
FROM srtm_12_03 srtm
JOIN mappoly ply
ON ST_Intersects(ply.geom, ST_ConvexHull(srtm.rast))
)
SELECT (ST_SummaryStatsAgg(rast, 1, true)).*
FROM clipped_tiles;
count | 362369
sum | 388175193
mean | 1071.2152336430545
stddev | 441.7982032761408
min | 108
max | 2374
Working with database rasters analytically can be challenging, particularly if you are used to thinking about them as single, unitary coverages. Remember to apply the basic rules of database rasters:
by Paul Ramsey (Paul.Ramsey@crunchydata.com) at February 23, 2023 04:00 PM
In a
previous post
we announced the CQL filtering capability in
pg_featureserv. It provides
powerful functionality for attribute and
spatial
querying of data in PostgreSQL and PostGIS.
Another important datatype which is often present in datasets is temporal.
Temporal datasets contain attributes which are dates or timestamps. The CQL
standard defines some special-purpose syntax to support temporal filtering. This
allows pg_featureserv to take advantage of the extensive capabilities of
PostgreSQL for specifying queries against time-valued attributes. This post in
the CQL series will show some examples of temporal filtering in
pg_featureserv.
Temporal filtering in CQL is provided using temporal literals and conditions.
Temporal literal values may be dates or timestamps:
2001-01-01
2010-04-23T01:23:45
Note: The temporal literal syntax is based on an early version of the OGC API
Filter and CQL standard. The current
draft CQL standard has a different
syntax: DATE('1969-07-20') and TIMESTAMP('1969-07-20T20:17:40Z'). It also
supports intervals: INTERVAL('1969-07-16', '1969-07-24'). A subsequent version
of pg_featureserv will support this syntax as well.
Temporal conditions allow time-valued properties and literals to be compared
via the standard boolean comparison operators <,>,<=,>=,=,<> and the
BETWEEN..AND operator:
start_date >= 2001-01-01
event_time BETWEEN 2010-04-22T06:00 AND 2010-04-23T12:00
The
draft CQL standard
provides dedicated temporal operators, such as T_AFTER, T_BEFORE,
T_DURING, etc. A future version of pg_featureserv will likely provide these
operators.
We'll demonstrate temporal filters using a dataset with a strong time linkage: tracks of tropical storms (or hurricanes). There is a dataset of Historical Tropical Storm Tracks available here.
The data requires some preparation. It is stored as a set of records of line segments representing 6-hour long sections of storm tracks. To provide simpler querying we will model the data using a single record for each storm, with a line geometry showing the entire track and attributes for the start and end time for the track.
The data is provided in Shapefile format. As expected for a worldwide dataset, it is in the WGS84 geodetic coordinate system (lat/long). In PostGIS this common Spatial Reference System is assigned an identifier (SRID) of 4326.
The PostGIS
shp2pgsql
utility can be used to load the dataset into a spatial table called
trop_storm_raw. The trop_storm_raw table is a temporary staging table
allowing the raw data to be loaded and made available for the transformation
phase of data preparation.
shp2pgsql -c -D -s 4326 -i -I -W LATIN1 "Historical Tropical Storm Tracks.shp" public.trop_storm_raw | psql -d database
The options used are:
-c - create a new table-D - use PostgreSQL dump format to load the data-s - specify the SRID of 4326-i - use 32-bit integers-I - create a GIST index on the geometry column (this is not strictly
necessary, since this is just a temporary staging table)-W - specifies the encoding of the input attribute data in the DBF fileNext, create the table having the desired data model:
CREATE TABLE public.trop_storm (
btid int PRIMARY KEY,
name text,
wind_kts numeric,
pressure float8,
basin text,
time_start timestamp,
time_end timestamp,
geom geometry(MultiLineString, 4326)
);
It's good practice to add comments to the table and columns. These will be
displayed in the pg_featureserv Web UI.
COMMENT ON TABLE public.trop_storm IS 'This is my spatial table';
COMMENT ON COLUMN public.trop_storm.geom IS 'Storm track LineString';
COMMENT ON COLUMN public.trop_storm.name IS 'Name assigned to storm';
COMMENT ON COLUMN public.trop_storm.btid IS 'Id of storm';
COMMENT ON COLUMN public.trop_storm.wind_kts IS 'Maximum wind speed in knots';
COMMENT ON COLUMN public.trop_storm.pressure IS 'Minumum pressure in in millibars';
COMMENT ON COLUMN public.trop_storm.basin IS 'Basin in which storm occured';
COMMENT ON COLUMN public.trop_storm.time_start IS 'Timestamp of storm start';
COMMENT ON COLUMN public.trop_storm.time_end IS 'Timestamp of storm end';
Now the power of SQL can be used to transform the raw data into the simpler data model. The track sections can be combined into single tracks with a start and end time using the following query.
MultiLineStrings with
single elements. The element is extracted using
ST_GeometryN so
that the result of aggregating them using
ST_Collect is a
MultiLineString, not a GeometryCollection. (An alternative is to aggregate
into a GeometryCollection and use
ST_CollectionHomogenize
to reduce it to a MultiLineString.)ST_Multi
ensures that all tracks are stored as MultiLineStrings, as required by the
type constraint on the geom column.time_end - time_start < '1 year'::interval removes
tracks spanning the International Date Line.WITH data AS (
SELECT btid, name, wind_kts, pressure, basin, geom,
make_date(year::int, month::int, day::int) + ad_time::time AS obs_time
FROM trop_storm_raw ORDER BY obs_time
),
tracks AS (
SELECT btid,
MAX(name) AS name,
MAX(wind_kts) AS wind_kts,
MAX(pressure) AS pressure,
MAX(basin) AS basin,
MIN(obs_time) AS time_start,
MAX(obs_time) AS time_end,
ST_Multi( ST_LineMerge( ST_Collect( ST_GeometryN(geom, 1)))) AS geom
FROM data GROUP BY btid
)
INSERT INTO trop_storm
SELECT * FROM tracks WHERE time_end - time_start < '1 year'::interval;
This is a small dataset, and pg_featureserv does not require one, but as per
best practice we can create a spatial index on the geometry column:
CREATE INDEX trop_storm_gix ON public.trop_storm USING GIST ( geom );
Once the trop_storm table is created and populated, it can be published in
pg_featureserv. Issuing the following request in a browser shows the feature
collection in the Web UI:
http://localhost:9000/collections.html
http://localhost:9000/collections/public.trop_storm.html
The dataset can be viewed using pg_featureserv's built-in map viewer (note
that to see all 567 records displayed it is probably necessary to increase the
limit on the number of response features):
http://localhost:9000/collections/public.trop_storm/items.html?limit=1000
That's a lot of storm tracks. It would be easier to visualize a smaller number
of tracks. A natural way to subset the data is by querying over a time range.
Let's retrieve the storms between the start of 2005 and the end of 2009. This is
done by adding a filter parameter with a CQL expression against the dataset
temporal property time_start (storms typically do not span the start of
years). To query values lying between a range of times it is convenient to use
the BETWEEN operator. The filter condition is
time_start BETWEEN 2005-01-01 AND 2009-12-31. The full request is:
http://localhost:9000/collections/public.trop_storm/items.html?filter=time_start BETWEEN 2005-01-01 AND 2009-12-31&limit=100
Submitting this query produces a result with 68 tracks:
Temporal conditions can be combined with other kinds of filters. For instance,
we can execute a spatio-temporal query by using a temporal condition along with
a spatial condition. In this example, we query the storms which occurred in 2005
and after in Florida. The temporal condition is expressed as
time_start > 2005-01-01.
The spatial condition uses the INTERSECTS predicate to test whether the line
geometry of a storm track intersects a polygon representing the (simplified)
coastline of Florida. The polygon is provided as a geometry literal using WKT.
(For more information about spatial filtering with CQL in pg_featureserv see
this
blog post.)
POLYGON ((-81.4067 30.8422, -79.6862 25.3781, -81.1609 24.7731, -83.9591 30.0292, -85.2258 29.6511, -87.5892 29.9914, -87.5514 31.0123, -81.4067 30.8422))
Putting these conditions together in a boolean expression using AND, the
request to retrieve the desired tracks from pg_featureserv is:
http://localhost:9000/collections/public.trop_storm/items.html?filter=time_start > 2005-01-01 AND INTERSECTS(geom, POLYGON ((-81.4067 30.8422, -79.6862 25.3781, -81.1609 24.7731, -83.9591 30.0292, -85.2258 29.6511, -87.5892 29.9914, -87.5514 31.0123, -81.4067 30.8422)) )&limit=100
This query produces a result with only 9 tracks, all of which cross Florida:
CQL temporal filtering is included in the forthcoming pg_featureserv Version
1.3. But you can try it out now by
downloading the latest
build. Let us know what use cases you find for CQL temporal filtering! Crunchy
Data offers full managed PostGIS in the Cloud, with Container apps to run
pg_featureserv.
Try it today.
by Martin Davis (Martin.Davis@crunchydata.com) at February 10, 2023 03:00 PM
Last week a user noted on the postgis-users list (paraphrase):
I upgraded from PostGIS 2.5 to 3.3 and now the results of my coordinate transforms are wrong. There is a vertical shift between the systems I’m using, but my vertical coordinates are unchanged.
Hmmm.
PostGIS gets all its coordinate reprojection smarts from the proj library. The user’s query looked like this:
SELECT ST_AsText(
ST_Transform('SRID=7405;POINT(545068 258591 8.51)'::geometry,
4979
));
“We just use proj” is a lot less certain and stable an assertion than it appears on the surface. In fact, PostGIS “just uses proj” for proj versions from 4.9 all the way up to 9.2, and there has been a lot of change to the proj library over that sweep of releases.
The first thing to do in debugging this “PostGIS problem” was to establish if it was in fact a PostGIS problem, or a problem in proj. There are commandline tools in proj to query what pipelines the system will use for a transform, and what the effect on coordinates will be, so I can take PostGIS right out of the picture.
We can run the query on the commandline:
echo 545068 258591 8.51 | cs2cs 'EPSG:7405' 'EPSG:4979'
Which returns:
52d12'23.241"N 0d7'17.603"E 8.510
So directly using proj we are seeing the same problem as in PostGIS SQL: no change in the vertical dimension, it goes in at 8.51 and comes out at 8.51. So the problem is not PostGIS, is is proj.
Cartographic transformations are nice deterministic functions, they take in a longitude and latitude and spit out an X and a Y.
(x,y) = f(theta, phi)
(theta, phi) = finv(x, y)
But not all transformations are cartographic transformations, some are transformation between geographic reference systems. And many of those are lumpy and kind of random.
For example, the North American 1927 Datum (NAD27) was built from classic survey techniques, starting from the “middle” (Kansas) and working outwards, chain by chain, sighting by sighting. The North American 1983 Datum (NAD83) was built with the assistance of the first GPS units. The accumulated errors of survey over distance are not deterministic, they are kind of lumpy and arbitrary. So the transformation from NAD27 to NAD83 is also kind of lumpy and arbitrary.
How do you represent lumpy and arbitrary transformations? With a grid! The grid says “if your observation falls in this cell, adjust it this much, in this direction”.
For the NAD27->NAD83 conversion, the NADCON grids have been around (and continuously improved) for a generation.
Here’s a picture of the horizontal deviations in the NADCON grid.
Transformations between vertical systems also frequently require a grid.
So what does this have to do with our bug? Well, the way proj gets its grids changed in version 7.
Proj grids have always been a bit of an outlier. They are much larger than just the source code is. They are localized in interest (someone in New Zealand probably doesn’t need European grids), not everyone needs all the grids. So historically they were distributed in zip files separately from the code.
This is all well and good, but software packagers wanted to provide a good “works right at install” experience to their end users, so they bundled up the grids into the proj packages.
As more and more people consumed proj via packages and software installers, the fact that the grids were “separate” from proj became invisible to the end users: they just download software and it works.
This was fine while the collection of grids was a manageable size. But it is not manageable any more.
In working through the GDALBarn project to improve proj, Even Roualt decided to find all the grids that various agencies had released for various places. It turns out, there are a lot more grids than proj previously bundled. Gigabytes more.
Simply distributing the whole collection of grids as a default with proj was not going to work anymore.
So for proj 7, Even proposed moving to a download-on-demand model for proj grids. If a transformation request requires a grid, proj will attempt to download the necessary grid from the internet, and save it in a local cache.
Now everyone can get the very best possible tranformation between system, everywhere on the globe, as long as they are connected to the internet.
Except… the network grid feature is not turned on by default! So for versions of proj higher than 7, the software ships with no grids, and the software won’t check for grids on the network… until you turn on the feature!
There are three ways to turn it on, I’m going to focus on the PROJ_NETWORK environment variable because it’s easy to toggle. Let’s look at the proj transformation pipeline from our original bug.
projinfo -s EPSG:7405 -t EPSG:4979
The projinfo utility reads out all the possible transformation pipelines, in order of desirability (accuracy) and shows what each step is. Here’s the most desireable pipeline for our transform.
+proj=pipeline
+step +inv +proj=tmerc +lat_0=49 +lon_0=-2 +k=0.9996012717 +x_0=400000
+y_0=-100000 +ellps=airy
+step +proj=hgridshift +grids=uk_os_OSTN15_NTv2_OSGBtoETRS.tif
+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=uk_os_OSGM15_GB.tif +multiplier=1
+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg
+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1
This transform actually uses two grids! A horizontal and a vertical shift. Let’s run the shift with the network explicitly turned off.
echo 545068 258591 8.51 | PROJ_NETWORK=OFF cs2cs 'EPSG:7405' 'EPSG:4979'
52d12'23.241"N 0d7'17.603"E 8.510
Same as before, and the elevation value is unchanged. Now run with PROJ_NETWORK=ON.
echo 545068 258591 8.51 | PROJ_NETWORK=ON cs2cs 'EPSG:7405' 'EPSG:4979'
52d12'23.288"N 0d7'17.705"E 54.462
Note that the horizontal and vertical results are different with the network, because we now have access to both grids, via the CDN.
If you have no internet, how do you do grid shifted transforms? Well, much like in the old days of proj, you have to manually grab the grids you need. Fortunately there is a utility for that now that makes it very easy: projsync.
You can just download all the files:
projsync --all
Or you can download a subset for your area of concern:
projsync --bbox 2,49,2,49
If you don’t want to turn on network access via the environment variable, you can hunt down the proj.ini file and flip the network = on variable.
Working at Crunchy Data on the
spatial team, I'm always
looking for new features and fun things to show on live demos. I recently
started playing around with ST_Letters and wanted to jot down some quick code
samples for playing around with this feature, introduced in PostGIS 3.3. These
examples are super easy to use, they don't need any data!
The screenshots shown below came from pgAdmin's geometry viewer and will also work with other query GUI tools like QGIS or DBeaver.
ST_LettersHere's a simple example to get started with ST_Letters. This will work on any
Postgres database, running the PostGIS extension version 3.3+.
Select ST_Letters('PostGIS');
It's also possible to overlay letters on a map, just like any other polygon.
Since the default for ST_Letters results in a polygon starting at the baseline
at the origin of the chosen projection, with a maximum height of 100 "units"
(from the bottom of the descenders to the tops of the capitals).
That's not ideal. We need a way to both move it and resize it.
First, we want to make a point in the middle of San Francisco in order to serve as a centroid for where we want to move the letters, and we also want to rescale the letters in order to approximately fit over the City of San Francisco. Using the formula for converting units in WGS84 to meters, 0.001 works approximately well enough to fit over the San Francisco Bay Area.
Next we use ST_Translate in order to move the letters from the top of the map
to fit over the Bay Area. Finally, mostly because it looks cool, we use
ST_Rotate to rotate the polygon 45 degrees.
WITH
san_fran_pt AS (
SELECT ST_Point(-122.48, 37.758, 4326) AS geom),
letters AS (
SELECT ST_Scale(ST_SetSRID(
ST_Letters('San Francisco'), 4326),
0.001, 0.001) AS geom),
letters_geom AS (
SELECT ST_Translate(
letters.geom,
ST_X(san_fran_pt.geom) - ST_X(ST_Centroid(letters.geom)),
ST_Y(san_fran_pt.geom) - ST_Y(ST_Centroid(letters.geom))
) AS geom
FROM letters, san_fran_pt
)
SELECT ST_Rotate(geom, -pi() / 4, ST_Centroid(geom))
FROM letters_geom;
ST_ConcaveHull demo'd with ST_LettersA great use case for ST_Letters is for demoing PostGIS functions. In this
post, I'm going to demo the function ST_ConcaveHull, which creates a concave
polygon which encloses the vertices of a target geometry. ST_ConcaveHull was
recently updated in PostGIS 3.3.0, in order to use GEOS 3.11, which makes the
input parameters easier to understand and results in a large speed upgrade.
Here's a short demo of how different parameters of param_pctconvex and
param_allow_holes for ST_ConcaveHull operate on points generated by
ST_GeneratePoints and ST_Letters.
First, let's generate a table of randomly generated points that fill in the letters in 'postgis'.
CREATE TABLE public.word_pts AS
WITH word AS (
SELECT ST_Letters('postgis') AS geom
),
letters AS ( -- dump letter multipolygons into individual polygons
SELECT (ST_Dump(word.geom)).geom
FROM word
)
SELECT
letters.geom AS polys,
ST_GeneratePoints(letters.geom, 100) AS pts
FROM letters;
SELECT pts FROM word_pts.pts
Then, we set the convexity to a fairly high parameter (param_pctconvex=0.75,
indicating a highly convex shape), and don't allow there to be holes in the
shape (param_allow_holes=false)
SELECT ST_ConcaveHull(pts, 0.75, false) FROM word_pts;
Doesn't look much like 'postgis'!
Next, we reduce the convexity, but don't allow holes in the shape.
SELECT ST_ConcaveHull(pts, 0.5, false) FROM word_pts;
A little better, but still hard to recognize 'postgis'. What if we allowed holes?
SELECT ST_ConcaveHull(pts, 0.5, true) FROM word_pts;
This starts to look a bit more like the word 'postgis', with the hole in 'p' being clear.
As we start to make the shape more concave, it begins to take on more and more recognizable as 'postgis'....until it doesn't and starts to look closer to modern art.
SELECT ST_ConcaveHull(pts, 0.35, true) FROM word_pts;
SELECT ST_ConcaveHull(pts, 0.05, true) FROM word_pts;
ST_ConcaveHull is also useful on multipolygons, and follows the same
properties as demo'd on multipoints. It's important to note that if there are
already holes in the existing multipolygon, setting param_allow_holes=false
will still create convex polygons with "holes" in the middle, following the
original polygon. The concave hulls will always contains the original polygons!
SELECT ST_ConcaveHull(ST_Letters('postgis'), 0.5, false);
As the convexity decreases and holes are allowed, the shape looks more and more like the original polygons in the original table.
SELECT ST_ConcaveHull(ST_Letters('postgis'), 0.1, true);
ST_TriangulatePolygonThe last demo here is the function ST_TriangulatePolygon, new in PostGIS 3.3.
This function computes the "best quality" triangulation of a polygon (and also
works on multipolygons too!). This can be extremely useful for computing meshes
of polygons in a quick and efficient manner.
SELECT ST_TriangulatePolygon(ST_Letters('postgis'));
ST_Letters provides a useful starting point for demoing functions on points
and polygons. The new improvements in ST_ConcaveHull make it more useful for
generating concave hulls of geometries and they are significantly more intuitive
to use. ST_TriangulatePolygon can be useful for finding meshes of polygons and
multipolygons. The team at Crunchy Data will continue to make important
contributions to PostGIS in order to help our users create interesting and
innovative open source solutions!
by Jacob Coblentz (Jacob.Coblentz@crunchydata.com) at January 12, 2023 03:00 PM
File a bug or enhancement request PostGIS wiki and bug tracker
Planet PostGIS is a window into PostGIS, a spatial extension, for PostgreSQL . Here you'll discover neat tricks for getting the most out of PostGIS geometry, geography, topology, and raster. Find out how others are leveraging the power of PostGIS. If you'd like your PostGIS content aggregated here, please drop me a line at lr at pcorp.us with your blog name, preferred link url, and your PostGIS feed url.
You may also want to be aggregated on our parent organization OSGeo please see the Planet OSGeo wiki page.
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Spatially Adjusted (James Fee)
Stephen Mather
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Last updated:
December 22, 2024 01:00 AM
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